tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39631864618500741852024-03-14T00:29:49.442-07:00Deep Learning: Sky's the Limit?The generally accepted idea is that deep learning neural networks are as as good as the data you feed them. In this blog, we review recent achievements of deep learning and address whether such systems are able to augment and transcend the original learning material through self-learning. And ultimately can become --even better-- than the data you feed them.
Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-26181736809527535782016-05-29T04:58:00.001-07:002016-12-07T03:22:20.129-08:00Part 11: Reactions worldwide and prize giving<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/05/part-10-review-of-game-5-alphago.html">[Review of Game 5: AlphaGo unfamiliar with common tesuji in moyo game]</a></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/deel-11-reacties-wereldwijd-en-price.html"><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">[NL Versie]</span></b></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Reactions and prize giving</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After the end of the</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> fifth and last game,</span> the final outcome of the Google challenging match is: AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol by 4 - 1. A result that only a small minority (< 10-15%) of the more than 280 million people worldwide who watched this match online, would have predicted in advance. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo deeply impressed Go players from all over the world with rock-solid, balanced, profound, sometimes unexpected, new and really wonderful, brilliantly effective moves in these games. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During the post-match press conference Lee Sedol said: "<i>I am sorry because the challenge matches have come to an end. </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>I also feel sorry because I wanted to gain a victory, but was unable to do so. In this match, I started out in the first half feeling that I had the upper hand. But, the fact that I still lost makes me think that it showed my inadequacies, yet again.... Yes, I think it was a match that once again exposed my inadequacies. Although there are many reasons to feel sorry on a personal level, I really want to give my deepest thanks to everyone who cheered for me and encouraged me. I will try harder to show an ever-improving Lee Sedol. Thank you</i>".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And later on he added: "<i>I like to say a few more words. It was regrettable but I enjoyed it. This is not a defeat of human beings, it clearly showed my weaknesses but not the weakness of humanity. Once again I would like to thank DeepMind for this wonderful opportunity</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Though Lee Sedol has lost this match, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">he fought like a tiger, as best he could </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">under the enormous pressure and media attention</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. And he stayed true to himself </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in spite of everything</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">, accepted his mistakes and didn't lose his respect and humility.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Answering a question about whether the five games might have changed his understanding of the game of Go, Lee Sedol responded: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"<i>Basically, I don't necessarily think that AlphaGo is superior to me. I believe there is still more that a human being can do to fight against the AI program. That's why I felt a little bit regrettable because there is more that a human could have shown during this match</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And to a question about his experience of play against AlphaGo as compared to his playing against professionals:</span><i style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> "</i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Obviously playing AlphaGo is different from playing human professionals and the style that it uses and also the ambiance, everything was completely different from what I was used to and in the beginning I was having difficulty getting used to that. If I had the opportunity to play AlphaGo again I'm not sure if I would be able to win and catch up to AlphaGo. What concerns Go skills, I don't think AlphaGo is superior but when it comes to psychological factors I think, yes, that AlphaGo is definitely superior. AlphaGo is not intimidated by strong wonderful moves".</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Demis Hassabis summarized the match: "<i>It has been an a</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>bsolutely mind-blowing and overwhelming week for our team. I thank Korea for welcoming us with so much passion, warmness, and enthusiasm for the game and for this match. I would like to express my i</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>mmense admiration for Lee Sedol's unbelievable fighting spirit and the creative genius he demonstrated throughout the whole match. How able he is to close up his abilities and his skills. We have seen incredible games of Go and there will be some moves that will be discussed for a long time: move 37 in game 3 and move 78 in game 4. And of course in today's game which was the most exciting game of all</i>".<i> </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">He continued: <i>"</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>I hope and think that the popularity of Go has increased around the world, especially in the West because of this match. It has been on the front paper of all the western papers and news outlets as well as of course in Asia. </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>We have been told that more than 100 million people have been watching the match. The deepest and most profound game that mankind has ever devised which is Go</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">". And after expressing his pride and thanks to the DeepMind team: "<i>Many thanks to Lee Sedol </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>for this greatest, once in a lifetime event of our lives</i>". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">David Silver, head of DeepMind's AI development team, added: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>everything that happened during this match exceeded our expectations. In terms of the enthusiasm on the spot this is really a profound moment for all of us</i>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Commentator Chris Garlock, who commented all games of the match live together with Michael Redmond (9p), remarked: "<i>This match has triggered unprecedented global attention to the game of Go. We could not have asked for a more wonderful or generous gift to this game. The five historic and beautiful games of this once-in-a-lifetime challenging match will be studied over and over again in the years to come, launching what I'm sure is going to be a new era in the most ancient of games. I'm really looking forward to that</i>". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol concluded: "<i>Enjoyment is the essence of Go. I do wonder whether I've always been enjoying the game but I do want to admit that yes, I did enjoy the games against AlphaGo. Creativity of human beings and also all the traditional and classical beliefs that we have had, well I've come to question them a little bit based on my experience with AlphaGo. So I've more studying to do down the road ...</i>". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This has been a most exciting, fascinating, instructive and downright breathtaking match. And though AlphaGo has been able to win with clear figures, there is a lot of thought in each of the five historic games and the explanation of the why and the how of many moves. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the fourth game, Lee Sedol played a brilliant move that has been identified worldwide as: "<i>Lee Sedol's masterpiece</i>", "<i>a God's play</i>", and "<i>Lee Sedol just fought the 1000 years history of Baduk</i>" by several top Go profs. At least one game in which Lee Sedol stunned and crushed AlphaGo, and managed to set the program straight! </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During the prize-giving ceremony, Hong </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Seok-Huyn, c</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">hairman of the Korean Baduk Association and president of International Go Federation, thanked </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the AlphaGo team for their wonderful program and congratulated Lee Sedol for </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">his fighting and putting up such a brilliant match against AlphaGo: "<i>He sincerely, truly showed us the ingenuity and intricateness of a human being during the past week to the entire korean people</i>". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">He continued: "<i>There have been over </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>30 million views of the korean live stream of the match. Whether they play Go or not, they paid their attention to this Google DeepMind match and not just for the game of Go but also were mesmerized and also surprised by the extremely high level of AlphaGo</i>". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Then he handed the official honorous 9p certificate to David Silver as a special gift from the KBA in recognition of AlphaGo's extraordinary and remarkable skills in the game of Go during this match. Therefore, the program officially is the youngest 9 dan pro in the history of Go. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Finally, he presented one more special gift from the KBA to both Demis Hassabis and Lee Sedol: a glass artwork designed by a Korean Go fan who was inspired by the 78th move of the fourth game (the design incorporates the patterns of the move). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Demis Hassabis handed over an envelope and a framed photo of the playing room of the match to Lee Sedol. Then, Lee Sedol signed --live-- with a marker the Go board they used for the five games, as a special present to the AlphaGo team, and handed this to Hassabis. A players autograph signature on a Go board has the very special meaning to appreciate your opponent's achievements, in this case by the entire DeepMind team behind AlphaGo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Prior to the match a club player said: "<i>if AlphaGo wins, the glow of the game is a little played out don't you think?</i>". Reactions among Go players worldwide are essentially the same: the vast majority is beaten up and still can't believe it, others are still with complete amazement, incomprehension, bewilderment and wonder. All process </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in their own way </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the stunningly strong, aggressive, forcing and constructive style of AlphaGo's playing. It is almost like a new kind of heavy tooth pain and many shall just have to become used to it. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Journalist for the Korean Times </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Baek Byung-yeul stated: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The historic five-game go match between Korean grandmaster Lee Se-dol and Google's AI program AlphaGo has placed the ancient board game under the spotlight</i>". Also, the worldwide sales figures of Go books and material have exploded during the period of the match. For example, the biggest Korean supermarket Lotte Mart sold over 60% more Go sets in the week preceding the match, as compared to the same period last year. Auction, the Korean equivalent of eBay, saw a similar increase in the sales of Go games with more than 40%. Alladin, a local Korean online bookshop, recorded a 150% rise in it's sale of Go books. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">China's top player Ke Jie, who currently has the highest Elo Go rating of the world, claimed during the match that he would be able to defeat AlphaGo, but that he rejected playing against the program because he was afraid that AlphaGo "would copy his style". As the match was proceeding he noted however, after careful analysis of the first three games, that it was most likely that he would have lost. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Many top Go players considered AlphaGo's unorthodox style of playing as apparently questionable and dubious, and had their doubts regarding some moves by which they initially were perplexed and totally amazed but that did make a lot of sense afterwards. And about one unexpected fact all top profs did agree on: AlphaGo's play undeniable has been greatly strengthened in comparison with the Fan Hui match. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">So the most spectacular, remarkable and pioneering match in the history of the most ancient of games has come to an end: the Google DeepMind challenging match where AI program AlphaGo defeated top Go professional Lee Sedol (9p), who has been at the top of the world league for more than fifteen years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Recently, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Yang Jae-ho</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the secretary general of the Korea Baduk Association, has asked Google for a rematch between the world top-ranked Go player Lee Sedol and AlphaGo, according to The Korea Times: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"<i>We want the return match to happen in around three months. We don't know if Lee will accept the rematch. If he doesn't, we will look for another top player</i>". A spokesman of the KBA told the Korea Times however that the proposal was made without discussing the matter with the association. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Google has made no decision yet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">What worldwide long has been regarded as the most outstanding grand challenge for artificial intelligence, namely mastering the game of Go by computer programs, may have become a closed down chapter with this match. A chapter of searching for more than half a century, inventing new algorithms, translating go principles into manageable concepts for computers, and the development of ever improving programs with only one single goal: playing without handicap against humans without completely being swept off the Go-board.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo's overwhelming wins are and will be seen internationally as a landmark moment for (and a breakthrough in the history of) artificial intelligence. Apart from the enormous increase in the global interest for playing Go, with AlphaGo's justified successes and complete triumph at Go, also the worldwide attention on applying AI algorithms to the most complex problems has grown exponentially. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And to quote Michael Redmond (9p) after Lee Sedol lost the third game of the match: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>I think it is fair to say that it beat Lee Sedol at his own game. What I see in AlphaGo is the potential when it plays new moves as it did in the 2nd game, it's potential to inspire Go players to perhaps study a different type of opening moves. I think we could have a revolution of the years coming up with AlphaGo helping us, giving us a boost to start it. I like to characterize today by my believe that the AlphaGo team created a true work of art</i>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The after-effects of this incredible and historic match will undoubtedly last a very long time. The shock is big also to non Go players: this is the first computer program ever that has managed to defeat one of the strongest Go profs of the world in a level-playing game. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html">[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/the-historic-match-between-deep.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>[Part 1: Details of the Match of the 21st century]</b></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html" target="_blank"><b>[Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-3-lee-sedol-about-go-board-in-his.html">[Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head]</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-4-ai-versus-human-expectations-and.html" target="_blank">[Part 4: AI versus Human: Expectations and Predictions] </a></b></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-5-googles-biggest-press-conference.html"><span style="font-size: large;">[Part 5: Google's biggest press conference ever: opening of the match AI vs. Mankind]</span></a></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-6-review-of-game-1-lee-sedol.html" target="_blank">[Review of Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's incredible fighting power]</a></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-7-review-of-game-2-alphagos-new.html" target="_blank">[Review of Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression]</a></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-8-review-of-game-3-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Review of Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to enormous mental pressure]</a></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-9-review-of-game-4-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Review of Game 4: Lee Sedol's brilliant move reveals weaknesses AlphaGo]</a></b></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/05/part-10-review-of-game-5-alphago.html"><span style="font-size: large;">[Review of Game 5: AlphaGo unfamiliar with common tesuji in moyo game]</span></a></b><br />
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-10355403090565640492016-05-01T07:03:00.004-07:002016-05-29T11:57:26.937-07:00Part 10: Review of Game 5: AlphaGo unfamiliar with common tesuji in ultimate moyo game (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/deel-10-partij-5.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">[NL Versie]</span></a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Review of Game 5: AlphaGo unfamiliar with common tesuji in ultimate moyo game </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Professional Kwon Gap-yong (8p), who also has been a mentor to Lee Sedol, said before the game: "<i>Lee has already learned that AlphaGo tends to make strange moves when it faces unfavorable conditions. Lee will have more of a chance of winning the final match if he makes key moves that are difficult to read</i>".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the fourth game, Lee Sedol exposed some of AlphaGo's weaknesses in </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">judging the amount of aji in the program's center moyo. When analyzing the game afterwards </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">with his team, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in the exhilaration of victory, Lee Sedol must have concluded that AlphaGo's moyo treatment had been far from optimal and </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">could be put through the mill once again </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">this last game of the match. </span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1hHOjtIjQyk/Vxk59na_EbI/AAAAAAAAATM/QqqNcBcH57wzx-nxhOBLQ0dyqMcjtczBACLcB/s1600/lee-sedol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1hHOjtIjQyk/Vxk59na_EbI/AAAAAAAAATM/QqqNcBcH57wzx-nxhOBLQ0dyqMcjtczBACLcB/s640/lee-sedol.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo starts off with a probing move (yosu-miru) to see how Lee Sedol will answer (circle in <b>Dia. 1</b>). On that basis white will determine if and how to complete the joseki in the bottom right. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 1: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after white 12 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Black replies calmly, then plays tenuki to prevent white from making a double extension to the right (circle in <b>Dia. 2</b>). Lee Sedol presents AlphaGo with a choice: clamp and allow black to attack the three white stones in the bottom right, or </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">try to fight</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> and prevent black from connecting underneath?</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 2: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after black 17 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">AlphaGo chooses to clamp and makes a base for it's three stones in the upper right (see <b>Dia. 3</b>). Then both sides cut and AlphaGo ends in sente as Lee Sedol connects his attacking stones underneath (circle in <b>Dia. 3</b>).</span></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 3: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after black 25 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Black gets a rather large and secure corner in exchange for white's strong and balanced group at the right edge. After moves on the left, where Lee Sedol builds a solid group and white makes a well-balanced extension from the bottom left corner (<b>Dia. 4</b>), AlphaGo plays to make influence towards the center and to build potential in the </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">bottom left </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">quarter of the board (circle in <b>Dia. 4</b>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">At this point, it is completely unclear how many points white's move is worth (how much it could add up to) but in any case this move works well with white's other stones on the board. And pushes Lee Sedol to prevent that AlphaGo will play nobi or keima downwards to further build it's moyo. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Both Lee Sedol and AlphaGo play a very solid opening and after move 40 (circle in <b>Dia. 4</b>) the outcome of the game appears completely open from their opposing moyo and territory strategies.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 4: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after white 40 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lee Sedol avoids that AlphaGo will foreclose the bottom right corner and extends his corner (<b>Dia. 5</b>). AlphaGo calculates that it's three stones have enough aji to make a fight meaningful. The program apparently is unfamiliar with a common tesuji (also known as the 'tombstone squeeze': you offer two stones, subsequently throw in another one, in order to rob the opponent efficiently from the inner liberties).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">This tesuji frequently occurs in the games AlphaGo originally has been trained on, so it is quite incredible that the program didn't learn to handle this tesuji correctly. AlphaGo looses points here (as well as ko threats), apart from the unnecessary waste of options to utilize the potential aji of it's three white stones (<b>Dia. 5</b>).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">At this point in the game, Demis Hassabis tweeted: "</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>AlphaGo made a bad mistake early in the game (it didn't know a known tesuji) but now it is trying hard to claw it back... nail-biting</i>". He added later: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The tesuji itself appears quite often in pro game records, thus it is most likely learned through the 'policy' network. </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>I personally feel AlphaGo should be aware of the tesuji itself, but Lee Sedol's follow-up move was probably better than expected by AlphaGo</i>". He bites his nails and hopes that AlphaGo very soon gets a chance to make things right again (<b>Dia. 5</b>). </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 5: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after black 59 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Fortunately for AlphaGo, it played these moves in territory already </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">more or less realized</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> by Lee Sedol, and it </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">has </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">a few sente moves on the outside that might come in handy later if white wants to make points there. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 6: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after white 70 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">White especially focuses on influence and, after a few moves in the upper right corner, a battle develops for AlphaGo's meanwhile firm center moyo (<b>Dia. 6</b>). </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lee Sedol invades to pressurize AlphaGo further in the upper left corner and to reduce AlphaGo's potential center moyo at the same time (triangle in <b>Dia. 6</b>). However, AlphaGo plays a beautiful and effective response which turns around the flow of the game immediately. Now, Lee Sedol is put </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">himself</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">under very high pressure (circle in <b>Dia. 6</b>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo's move prevents black's invading stone to connect easily with black's group to the left, prevents an escape of the invading stone to the center to make eventually a base there, forces the invading stone towards white's strength top right, and firmly contributes to it's built up sphere of influence in the center. Moreover, the idea is that if Lee Sedol tries to live, AlphaGo can exert huge pressure on him to become strong on the outside (to reinforce it's moyo even further, see <b>Dia. 6</b>). </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 7: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after black 81 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There's no other choice for Lee Sedol than to create a base. But in exchange AlphaGo gradually continues the work on it's moyo (<b>Dia. 7</b>). AlphaGo keeps pushing Lee Sedol's group and ends in sente, then builds further on </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">it's moyo </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">at the bottom side (triangle in <b>Dia. 8</b>). </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 8: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after black 91 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In a complex middle game Lee Sedol is forced to find efficient ways to prevent AlphaGo from cashing in it's entire moyo. The question is whether AlphaGo can make enough points in the center to outweigh Lee Sedol's already secured territory in the corners (<b>Dia. 8</b>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Black has about 70 points secured territory, white has about 30 points together in </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the upper left corner and it's center moyo. Taking 7.5 komi into account this means that white can only win this game if the program gets at least 35 points in the bottom left corner and edge (without giving black any extra compensation for this). Alternatively, white has to find ways to collect additional points in the center. This crude estimate suggests that the game in this position is still open and undecided.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 9: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after white 122 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The game is developing slowly as Lee Sedol first somewhat contains AlphaGo's center moyo, and then creates a group in the bottom left (<b>Dia. 9</b>). With white's calm responses initially some strength is built though it is unclear what white does want with this. After AlphaGo's extension (circle in <b>Dia. 9</b>) it becomes clear, however, that Lee Sedol has to make a base with his group at the bottom side (or must connect). And that white is trying to lock up black.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 10: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after white 136 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Black connects his group underneath with the right corner and gains some extra points while white builds some force and meanwhile </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">significantly </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">reduces black's influence at the lower right. Then, AlphaGo plays a magnificent split move and nice counter attack (circle in <b>Dia. 10</b>) that adds burden on black and let's white stones working together optimally. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It is difficult for black to decide what is the best strategy in this position. Lee Sedol can't afford to give up his center stones and at the same time has to minimize white's center moyo as much as possible. AlphaGo's strength at the lower side is being used primarily to keep pressure on Lee Sedol with a range of possible cut actions.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 11: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, after black 183 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A comparison between <b>Dia. 10</b> and <b>Dia. 11</b> shows that black succeeded to neutralize both white's potential on the left and a significant part of white's center. However, in exchange white gets about 15 secure points as compensation. Whether these are enough for AlphaGo to win the game is unclear, especially as Lee Sedol has still opportunities to further reduce white's potential (both on the left side and in the center). The difference is estimated to be a few points at most for the benefit of AlphaGo (<b>Dia. 11</b>). So, despite Lee Sedol's great moyo reduction skills, it is still deep learning AlphaGo that is ahead due to the sufficient compensation it got along the way. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">What complicates this position is that black's territory is almost defined while white has opportunities to score some additional points at different locations on the board. Lee Sedol's only chance is to restrict AlphaGo's potential as far as possible with smart and effective reduction moves.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For the top Go-profs who comment live on this game, it is hard to say where Lee Sedol perhaps played a lesser move. Even so, AlphaGo managed somehow to get things right after it misjudged Lee Sedol's tesuji earlier in the game. Overall, the flow of the game as well as the way of play of both players looked very well-balanced, constructive and profound.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 12: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 5, end position after white 280 (Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the next 100 moves, Lee Sedol unfortunately is not able to catch up his disadvantage of about 2 points. A few minutes before the game is finished, Lee Sedol leaves the Go-board when AlphaGo plays a move that is clearly non-optimal: a sign that the program estimates it will win this game anyhow. Despite the fact that Lee Sedol is ahead on the board, he would loose with about 2.5 points, taking into account AlphaGo's komi (7.5 points).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When he returns, Lee Sedol plays another couple of moves and then resigns after move 280 (final position, </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 12</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">) with just less than a handful of endgame moves left. It is the first time in this match that a game has been played until so late in the endgame. And has ended with such a small difference in points.</span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yhyLtsaeyVI/Vxk42dR_McI/AAAAAAAAAS8/YRlZnW-e-cMXO3PsseGGKrhueRf6zOCxwCLcB/s1600/Google-Go-Lee-Sedol-Game5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yhyLtsaeyVI/Vxk42dR_McI/AAAAAAAAAS8/YRlZnW-e-cMXO3PsseGGKrhueRf6zOCxwCLcB/s640/Google-Go-Lee-Sedol-Game5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">So this has been another amazing, inspiring, and historic game in which differences in playing strength between the world's top Go-prof Lee Sedol and deep learning program AlphaGo were hard to detect.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With this result, the final outcome of the match is: AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol by 4 - 1. A result that only a small minority (< 10-15%) of the more than 280 million people worldwide who watched this match online, would have predicted in advance. AlphaGo has impressed all Go players worldwide with rock-solid, deep reading, sometimes unexpected and really wonderful, effective moves in these games.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During the post-match press conference (never seen so many press and media gathered together), Lee Sedol said: "<i>I am sorry because the match comes to an end</i>". And answering a question about whether the five games might have changed his understanding of the game of Go, Lee Sedol responded: "<i>Basically, I don't necessarily think that AlphaGo is superior to me. I believe there is still more that a human being can do to fight against the AI program. That's why I felt a little bit regrettable because there is more that a human could have shown during this match</i>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hassabis stated afterwards: "<i>I am speechless about this most exciting experience we </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>have had so far. AlphaGo made a mistake early in the game because it missed a tesuji. But got itself back into the game. This is by far the most exciting and stressful one of all the games of the match</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It took Lee Sedol about four games to slightly figure out AlphaGo's way of play: the first two games Lee Sedol probably lost by making a bad strategy decision, the third game Lee Sedol lost due to a fatal mistake already early in the opening, and with the knowledge of the fourth game, it is highly probable that Lee Sedol would have followed other tactics. And would have had a significantly greater chance of winning this match.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A more extensive report of the press conference </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">after the end of the fifth and last game of this match, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">with more detailed reactions of Lee Sedol and Demis Hassabis, will follow later.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this fifth and exciting last game of the Google DeepMind challenging match, deep learning AlphaGo played an impressive and very balanced moyo-building game. Even though Lee Sedol had substantial (secure) territory already early in the game and though he was able to thwart most of AlphaGo's moyo plans, the program succeeded in getting enough compensation along the way to stay ahead by a </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">margin of just a few points. And to maintain this small advantage during the second half of the game.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/the-historic-match-between-deep.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>[Part 1: Details of the Match of the 21st century]</b></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html" target="_blank"><b>[Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-3-lee-sedol-about-go-board-in-his.html">[Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head]</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-4-ai-versus-human-expectations-and.html" target="_blank">[Part 4: AI versus Human: Expectations and Predictions] </a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-5-googles-biggest-press-conference.html">[Part 5: Google's biggest press conference ever: opening of the match AI vs. Mankind]</a></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-6-review-of-game-1-lee-sedol.html" target="_blank">[Part 6: Review of Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's incredible fighting power]</a></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-7-review-of-game-2-alphagos-new.html" target="_blank">[Part 7: Review of Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression]</a></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-8-review-of-game-3-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Part 8: Review of Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to enormous mental pressure]</a></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-9-review-of-game-4-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Part 9: Review of Game 4: Lee Sedol's brilliant move reveals weaknesses AlphaGo]</a></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/05/part-11-reactions-worldwide-and-price.html"><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">[Part 11: Reactions worldwide and Prize giving]</span></b></a></div>
Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-89081305858345588202016-04-29T10:50:00.004-07:002016-12-19T12:56:16.819-08:00Part 9: Review of Game 4: Lee Sedol's brilliant move reveals weaknesses AlphaGo (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/deel-9-partij-4.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">[NL Versie]</span></a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Review of Game 4: Lee Sedol's brilliant move reveals weaknesses AlphaGo</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After Lee Sedol went under in the match against AlphaGo with three successive losses, and after his mental succumb under incredibly high psychological pressure yet </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">early in the third game, the main question is what Lee Sedol still has up his sleeve </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">when trying to defeat AlphaGo.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And how unimaginable resilient, persistent, and believing in himself Lee Sedol must be, after the new sledgehammer blow of the third game, to try to collect himself, to show that he is able to deliver, and to prove all humanity is right?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The opening of the fourth game is the same as that of the second game (in which Lee Sedol had white also) up to move 12. Lee Sedol response</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> to AlphaGo's probe move (yosu-miru) in the bottom left corner is aggressive (triangle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 1</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">), attacking both the black stone on the left and black's probing move. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 1: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after black 25 (circle, Lee Sedol is white) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lee Sedol forces AlphaGo to make a choice but the program simply plays somewhere else (tenuki, circle in </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 1</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">). With a shoulder hit black first wants to see how things develop in this area before deciding how to answer white's double offensive (triangle in </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 1</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">).</span></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 2: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after black 35 (circle, Lee Sedol is white)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol concentrates on taking territory in the edges and bottom corners while AlphaGo conquers the upper side and builds influence in the center (<b>Dia. 2</b>). Lee Sedol follows the amashi strategy: the amashi player takes territory in exchange for influence, and hopes to withstand the outside power and attacks later.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 3: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after black 47 (circle, Lee Sedol is white)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When Lee Sedol tries to neutralize AlphaGo's strong center influence (triangle in <b>Dia. 3</b>), AlphaGo completely ignores his move and plays another shoulder hit at the right side (circle in <b>Dia. 3</b>). Again, black wants white to answer before deciding about attacking white's center group.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When black cuts off the four white stones in the upper center (triangle in <b>Dia. 4</b>) and white extends (circle in <b>Dia. 4</b>), a complex and ambiguous fight develops. AlphaGo heightens the tension and forces Lee Sedol to act with his center stones to prevent that black cashes in the influence built in the center. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After white's extension (circle in <b>Dia. 4</b>), black's stones on the middle right comes </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">under very severe pressure. How is black able to involve these stones in the game without weakening</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> it's earlier investments in the center?</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 4: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after white 64 (circle, Lee Sedol is white)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">AlphaGo's last move (triangle) cuts off the white group in the center.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Since multiple important and large-scale fights </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">make it much harder </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">for AlphaGo</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">to judge </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the board position correctly, t</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">hese are the ideal and complex battles to initiate for Lee Sedol.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">W</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">here to play next, is a matter of 'looking' forward at least 20-25 moves in this ambiguous fight in the center and right edge. Lee Sedol's fabulous intuition and immense skills in assessing all options and starting points in such explosive positions, are herewith invaluable (<b>Dia. 4</b>). </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Both AlphaGo and Lee Sedol have to rely on a very crude estimate of how the position may develop </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">gradually.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Black decides to leave his stones at the middle right hand side and further strengthens his moyo to increase the pressure </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">on white </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">to the very maximum. For Lee Sedol it seems virtually impossible to do something sensible with his center stones. After he cuts to make the position more complex (triangle in </span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Dia. 5</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">), AlphaGo answers confidently and seals off any escape routes towards the center (circle in </span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Dia. 5</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 5: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after black 73 (circle, Lee Sedol is white)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Although black has substantial weaknesses at both moyo edges, the white center stones appear to cooperate rather loosely and creating a living group is there out of the question. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Also, to escape is not an option for white with such a majority of black stones awaiting him (center and bottom). Moreover, the aji of black's group in the middle right complicates an eventual white escape (</span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 5</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In short, it looks like this once more will be a major victory for AlphaGo: white's position seems completely hopeless. But then </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol puts forward a completely unexpected, wonderful, and brilliant move that suddenly sets the entire board on fire. All white center stones are activated at once and do cooperate effectively by exploiting the aji in black's center moyo in</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> all conceivable means (</span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 6</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 6: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after white 78 (circle, Lee Sedol is white)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol's move just dropped out of the sky, both for all live commentators and the many top Go-profs that closely followed the game. It unites all Lee Sedol's power, skills, perseverance, creativity, intuition, willingness to fight and to seek reprisal for all frustration and powerlessness in the previous three games. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When seeing this move during the live commentary in China, top Go-prof Gu Li (9p) described Lee Sedol's move 78 (triangle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 6</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">) as a "</span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">God's move</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With black 79, AlphaGo fails to play the best response and what happens is a sequence of moves that the program calculated as the strongest answers. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In exchange for it's group lost on the right, AlphaGo just gets a poor sente move that the program also could have played immediately (Q13 in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 7</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 7: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after white 94 (circle, Lee Sedol is white)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Commentator Michael Redmond (9p) showed that instead of black 79 much better responses were possible than AlphaGo actually played in the game. In the end, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo has to give up the stones in the middle right, so that Lee Sedol not only has secured his group and largely destroyed black's center moyo </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">but in addition cashed in a pile of points on the right. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With move 110 (circle in <b>Dia. 8</b>), white secures his relatively weak stones in the center by attacking the black group on the left (center). In this manner, white creates enough options to connect with the group in the bottom left in case of emergency. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Direct comparison of <b>Dia. 7</b> and --more than thirty moves later-- <b>Dia. 8</b> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">immediately</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> demonstrates </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">that white has achieved the unimaginable: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">it is as if white's invading center stones were able to escape through an invisible tunnel (David Ormerod). Lee Sedol efficiently utilized the aji in black's center that he correctly estimated 25 moves earlier.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 8: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after white 110 (circle, Lee Sedol is white)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With this successful center fight, Lee Sedol takes a clear lead. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">South Korean live commentators cannot hide their excitement when it becomes clear that Lee Sedol </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">--after </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">three hours into the game</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-- probably </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">will notch a win. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There is nothing left to AlphaGo other than to secure it's group on the middle left and to allow that Lee Sedol meanwhile connects his center group </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">--in sente--. Then white further erodes black's center </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">by connecting the three white stones on the upper side. Black's entire moyo has been neutralized </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(</span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 9</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo tries to catch up with active play but Lee Sedol plays magnificently sharp. An example of this is Lee Sedol's counter move in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 9</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">: white ignores black's threat at the bottom right corner and plays a larger counter threat (circle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 9</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">; that also prevents black's sente moves in this area). </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 9: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after white 136 (circle, Lee Sedol is white).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Another example is Lee Sedol's ignorance of a big endgame move by AlphaGo (triangle in <b>Dia. 10</b>) which he replies with an even more binding move (circle in <b>Dia. 10</b>)</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: 16.363636016845703px;">.</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 10: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after white 146 (circle, Lee Sedol is white)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">About twenty moves later, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo threatens with a pointless dame point to cut off white's meanwhile large center group (triangle in <b>Dia. 11</b>). In response</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">, Lee Sedol plays a big endgame move settling his group at the same time (circle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 11</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">). If AlphaGo would have played here first, the program would have gained several points --in sente--. Thus, with this move (triangle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 11</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">) AlphaGo in fact resigns.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 11: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, after white 168 (circle, Lee Sedol is white).</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Obviously, AlphaGo's logic is not optimal anymore at all since it plays many forcing moves generated by the meager potential that the opponent might make a mistake (Michael Redmond). After playing a handful of </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">doubtful moves and several mistakes that even lost additional points, AlphaGo resigned (<b>Dia. 12</b>).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 12: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 4, end position after white 180 (Lee Sedol is white). </span></td></tr>
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<b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 12</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> shows the final position after Lee Sedol's move 180, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">nearly five hours into the game, at </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">which AlphaGo resigned after </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">it's notion that the probabilities of winning this game were falling below it's critical threshold of 10% for resignation. At this point, AlphaGo is behind at least 5 points (komi included) and therefore needs to make more than ~20 points in the bottom center area (without Lee Sedol getting any compensation for that) in order to catch up.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Even though Lee Sedol played under ultra-high pressure for more than one hour (from move 90 on), using his last byo-yomi period up to the max each move, he was able to maintain and solidify his advantage built up</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> in the middle game. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This is </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the first time that AlphaGo lost a game against a top professional Go player </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(in the official match games without handicap). </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol's great victory is an extraordinary and historic achievement which has led to the </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">deepest respect and admiration from all over the world.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A Korean Go-pro stated: "<i>Lee Sedol just fought the 1000 years history of Baduk and I am proud of him</i>". An Younggil (8p) concluded that the game was "<i>a masterpiece for Lee Sedol and will almost certainly become a famous game in the history of Go</i>". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol's win against AlphaGo shows --and does prove for the first time-- that deep learning AlphaGo does not play perfect all the time and sometimes has severe problems in judging correctly complex middle game positions. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Despite the considerable pressure, Lee Sedol could play his own game and exposed a clear glimpse of AlphaGo's weaknesses.</span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3c4nLHkuU30/VxeD03pcVzI/AAAAAAAAAQM/ucAqZxqbf2MYU89jU-TuunJisfqnWh6ogCLcB/s1600/AlphaGo-Lee-Sedol-game-4-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3c4nLHkuU30/VxeD03pcVzI/AAAAAAAAAQM/ucAqZxqbf2MYU89jU-TuunJisfqnWh6ogCLcB/s640/AlphaGo-Lee-Sedol-game-4-6.jpg" width="424" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During the press conference afterwards, the public and press were wild with enthusiasm and chanted: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">“<i>Lee Sedol!</i>” ”<i>Lee Sedol!</i>” “<i>Lee Sedol!</i>”</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. Several minutes flashing recorded a radiant, visibly overjoyed and genuinely pleased Lee Sedol</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>I have never been congratulated so much just because I won one game. Winning this game is still valuable, the drive behind the win today is the trust and the compassion of you all. </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>This one win is so valuable and I will not trade this for anything in the world</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After the game Lee Sedol answered a question about his mental condition: "<i>after loosing the first three games and thus the match against AlphaGo, I could not say that there was no psychological shock ... but it was not to the extent that I would have to stop playing the ongoing match because at any moment of the game, I really enjoyed the game. I can tell you that I've not retained any severe damage and I'm very happy to say that I won this single game</i>".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And asked what Lee Sedol was thinking when he was played his brilliant move (move 78, <b>Dia. 6</b>): "<i>I thought I would be able to gain some profit quite easily but that wasn't the case. It became more difficult than I had expected and at that point in time, at time of 78th move, that was the only move that I could see, there were no other moves, no other placement that I could think of. That was the only place I could place my stone, it was the only option for me, so I put it there. So I am quite humble for all the praise that I'm getting for that</i>".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Demis Hassabis said: "<i>AlphaGo made a mistake around move 79 but it </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">realized it's mistake only after the 87th move, when it was too late to </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">recover from. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo thought it was doing very well at the start of the complex center fight but </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">was pressured by Lee Sedol in some mistakes. I</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">t is because of the incredible fighting spirit Lee Sedol showed that a c</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">reative genius like him is able to find out and exploit any weakness of AlphaGo. T</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">he loss by AlphaGo is very valuable: we will look at all the statistics and are l</span></i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>ooking forward to learn from these weaknesses and fix these problems</i>".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">David Silver, Google DeepMind's team leader, added: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"<i>We have designed AlphaGo to learn by itself by repeating self-plays. </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>But such an algorithm must have holes in it that we cannot know about. Lee was able to push AlphaGo to expose such a weakness</i>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol concluded: "<i>I believe AlphaGo has two weaknesses: when I </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">made an unexpected move, AlphaGo responded as if the program had a bug, indicating that the machine lacked the ability to deal with surprises. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Furthermore, AlphaGo finds it more difficult to win the game when it has black as opposed to when it has white. </span></i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Therefore, I would like to ask Demis Hassabis and David Silver: 'would it be possible for me to take black in the last game instead of drawing lots?'</i>". The answer was: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"yes, it's fine"</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This fourth game of the match was decided by Lee Sedol's profound and fabulous move in a complex middle game fight that forced deep learning AlphaGo to a sequence of mistakes. After this, the game was completely turned around and AlphaGo was unable to defend against all weaknesses exposed in it's center position. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After three successive losses against the program, this game </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol clearly outperformed AlphaGo </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">f</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">or the first time: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">a great and historic achievement by Lee Sedol. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html">[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/the-historic-match-between-deep.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>[Part 1: Details of the Match of the 21st century]</b></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html" target="_blank"><b>[Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-3-lee-sedol-about-go-board-in-his.html">[Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head]</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-4-ai-versus-human-expectations-and.html" target="_blank">[Part 4: AI versus Human: Expectations and Predictions] </a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-5-googles-biggest-press-conference.html">[Part 5: Google's biggest press conference ever: opening of the match AI vs. Mankind]</a></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-6-review-of-game-1-lee-sedol.html" target="_blank">[Part 6: Review of Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's incredible fighting power]</a></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-7-review-of-game-2-alphagos-new.html" target="_blank">[Part 7: Review of Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression]</a></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-8-review-of-game-3-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Part 8: Review of Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to enormous mental pressure]</a></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/05/part-10-review-of-game-5-alphago.html" target="_blank"><b>[Part 10: Review of Game 5: AlphaGo unfamiliar with common tesuji in ultimate moyo game]</b></a></span><br />
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-67436018210256036572016-04-24T07:46:00.002-07:002016-05-02T07:25:20.486-07:00Part 8: Review of Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to enormous mental pressure (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/deel-8-partij-3.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">[NL Versie]</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Review of Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to enormous mental pressure</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After two successive losses, Lee Sedol is under extremely high pressure </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">not to lose the entire five-game match with AlphaGo</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. Lee Sedol is heavily touched, very disappointed and feels particular anguish after the shock of his second loss. Both his </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">confusion afterwards about why he had lost the game and the difficulties he had </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">with his team </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">tracing back any </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">mistakes, show</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ed also that AlphaGo played a nearly perfect game. So, is Lee Sedol able to win from a Go-program that plays virtually perfect?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This match proceeds completely different from what Lee Sedol had expected and hoped. He tries to play with his great sense of responsibility for the hundreds of millions of people worldwide that count on him in this historic match against AI. One way or another he has to turn the tables, but how?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With black 17, a rather complicated opening fight starts in the upper left corner (see <b>Dia. 1</b>). White's invasion inside black's influence is an attempt to reduce the black potential severely, without leaving a weak group that is easy to attack or giving black some advantages otherwise (for instance, to allow for much strength on the outside or territory on the inside). </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 1: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, after black 17 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">If AlphaGo succeeds in making a solid base with this invasion or a group that easily can extend and escape towards the center, without too many benefits for Lee Sedol, and white's mission proves to be a success, AlphGo can take over the initiative and try to control the game towards victory.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 2: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, after white 28 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The opening develops and AlphaGo plays a nice move towards the center meanwhile threatening Lee Sedol's three stones (circle in <b>Dia. 2</b>). As black took the corner and is strong on all sides, everything looks promising for black at </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">this point in the game.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">However, in this very complicated opening fight in the upper left, Lee Sedol makes a deciding mistake already early in the game. This unfortunate mistake ascertains that the game is pretty much decided shortly after his (at first sight) effective and offensive move (triangle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 3</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo responds underneath (circle in <b>Dia. 3</b>) to ensure the option to connect later or to be able to attack Lee Sedol later on. This move provides some life-air to the white group as well as possibilities to pressurize black's stones thereabout (triangle in <b>Dia. 3</b>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Black really had to play first on this point (circle in <b>Dia. 3</b>, instead of triangle) to threaten to connect underneath himself (and keep white weak and separated). And if white then would have responded, black nevertheless would have had (in sente) the opportunity to play the triangle move. In short, a missed opportunity by Lee Sedol which immediately gives AlphaGo the initiative.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 3: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, after white 36 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Younggil An (8p) described Lee Sedol's earlier moves as possibly the game-losing moves and Andrew Jackson from the American Go Association considered black 35 (triangle in <b>Dia. 3</b>) as the fatal, losing move. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 4: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, after white 48 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After about fifty moves AlphaGo dictates the game and forces Lee Sedol to continue defending. With 48 (circle in<b> Dia. 4</b>) white also defends his group and at the same time attacks both the black stone left and the black group left (middle).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Obviously, white handles attacking as best defense. Even though white's upper left group is itself still in the danger zone, white is able to escape towards the center. And in case of emergency white can try to make eyes with forcing moves on black's upper left corner. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 5: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, after white 70 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo manages to control the fight such that it builds strong influence while attacking, what could the program wish more? Lee Sedol has no other choice since his entire black group on the left, though more or less connected (eventually, later on there is a ko), simply has an inadequate </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">base. With move 69 (triangle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 5</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">) black escapes to no man's land towards the center where white is waiting for him on every side.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 6: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, after white 78 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol creates a base for his 'hanging' group on the left and then starts a counterattack on the right hand side with black 77 (triangle in <b>Dia. 6</b>). By making the position more complex, Lee Sedol might be able to find a solution to deal with AlphaGo's large potential at the lower edge.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Also, white's upper left group is not yet entirely safe and still a significant burden white has to take into account. AlphaGo's response on Lee Sedol's counterattack is yet effective and cooperates optimally with all white's stones at the right edge. In addition, it's response provides opportunities in case white's group in the upper left later on needs support. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 7: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, after white 90 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">To stay in the game Lee Sedol needs to keep AlphaGo from making too many points on the right hand side as well as to prevent getting a half-baked center group whereby his chances for an invasion into white's moyo at the lower edge will become without any </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">prospects.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With 89 (triangle in <b>Dia. 7</b>) black connects more or less the two cutting stones on the right (on P8+9) and at the same time attacks the white group in the upper left. AlphaGo is alert and strengthens it's group immediately with 90 (circle in <b>Dia. 7</b>). </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It looks like that Lee Sedol should have played here himself first (threatens to cut, makes points and weakens the white group) in sente. However, AlphaGo succeeds in further simplifying the position as the white group in the upper left now has almost sufficient options to live.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 8: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, after black 129 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After white lives in the upper left, black in the lower right, and most smoke clouds have disappeared, Lee Sedol's only chance to win the game is to reduce white's huge moyo at the bottom </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">severely </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(either by living inside or by dimpling from the outside).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">However, AlphaGo stays very calm and plays sophisticated during Lee Sedol's invasion (triangle in <b>Dia. 8</b>). This move gives white a number of opportunities to connect the two white stones either to the left or to the right. Black again complicates the situation to threaten breaking through white's surroundings </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">towards the center,</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">or to capture the two white stones and try to live. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 9: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, after white 148 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During this complex fight, Lee Sedol manages to get the maximum out of the position by creating, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in an ingenious and beautiful manner, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">a game-winning ko (triangle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 9</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">). However, AlphaGo again plays calm and efficient: apparently the program has already computed that it will win this ko anyhow. Then white just ignores the ko for now and occupies the largest endgame move on the board (circle in <b>Dia. 9</b>) while threatening to enter black's territory at the upper side. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 10: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 3, end stand after white 176 (circle, Lee Sedol is black)</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It is for the first time that AlphaGo is forced into a complex and big ko-fight. Despite earlier expectations that the program herewith would suffer from severe problems, AlphaGo plays superb and shows it assesses, computes, and latches ko-fights excellently. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Unfortunately, Lee Sedol is unable to force AlphaGo into any error, not even a single one. Using internal ko threats, AlphaGo triumphs (as the program already 30 moves ago had evaluated or computed). And after white 176 (circle in <b>Dia. 10</b>) there is no other option for Lee Sedol than to resign. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Kwon Kay-Yong, one of Lee Sedol's former coaches, told a news agency: "<i>AlphaGo played consistent and well balanced from start to finish while Lee, as he is only human, showed some mental vulnerability</i>". T</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">hereby, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol's great feeling of responsibility --towards all people that </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">were watching over his shoulder </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">and had such a great faith in him-- </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">inevitably</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">began to work against </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">him. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">According to Younggil An (8p) and David Ormerod, this third game demonstrated that "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>AlphaGo is simply stronger than any known human Go player. </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>AlphaGo was seen to capably navigate tricky situations known as ko-fights that did not come up in the previous two matches</i>". Ormerod added: "<i>i</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>n the middle of a complex, all-or-nothing ko fight, AlphaGo displayed sufficient 'confidence' that it was winning the fight and simply ignored the ko and played a large move elsewhere</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During the post-game press conference, where hundreds of photographers exposed Lee Sedol to minutes-long dazzling flashlight, while the loss of the Google DeepMind challenging match was still hammering his mind </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">with this third successive defeat by AlphaGo</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">, Lee Sedol was visibly touched and deeply saddened: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"<i>I don't know how to start or what to say today but I think I would have to express my apologies first: I should have shown a better result and better outcome and better contents of the game played. I apologize about not being able to satisfy a lot of people's expectations. I felt powerless. If I would redo the match I probably would not have been able to win</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>In the first game I have lost because I bad judged the capabilities of AG. The second game would be the mental break of you but at the beginning of the 2nd game, the game did flow the way I intended and there were a number of opportunities which I admittedly missed. Looking at the third game: I do have extensive experience in the playing the game of Go but there was never a case or game where I experienced this amount of pressure. I was unable overcoming the amount of pressure I was experiencing. Sure I lost the match, AlphaGo is now a clear winner. However, when when it comes to human beings, there comes in this psychological aspect. If I play the fourth and fifth game of the match, I do ask you to continue keep following the match and keep your interest in the games and follow what happens</i>".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Michael Redmond (9p) commented: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>At first, I sort of doubted the capabilities of AlphaGo but after three straight wins these were canned now. Lee Sedol played a very powerful fighting game. In this third game, he played to do his style and showed us an exciting match and I believe that Lee Sedol would have been difficult to beat today by any other top human professional. I think that Lee did his very best and showed us a very good game. Nevertheless, AlphaGo played excellent this fighting game and played the ko's everybody was afraid that it might have a weakness in, played all of the complicated fighting</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">To continue: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>I think it is fair to say that it beat Lee Sedol at his own game. What I see in AlphaGo is the potential when it plays new moves as it did in the 2nd game, it's potential to inspire Go players to perhaps study a different type of opening moves. I think we could have a revolution of the years coming up with AlphaGo helping us, giving us a boost to start it. I like to characterize today by my believe that the AlphaGo team created a true work of art</i>".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hassabis described AlphaGo's victories on Lee Sedol as: "<i>hard to believe</i>" and said the games had been <i>'</i>mega-tense<i>'</i>: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>while AlphaGo computes tens of thousands positions per second, Lee Sedol incredibly can compete with that in periods of high pressure. His ingenuity and extraordinary talent have stressed AlphaGo to it's limits during these first three games. We came here to challenge Lee Sedol as we wanted to learn from him and see what AlphaGo is capable of. And his amazing genius and creative skills have done that</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And answering a journalist's question, Lee Sedol said: "</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Although AlphaGo is a strong program, I would not be able to say AlphaGo is a perfect program (not at the level of so called divine Gods). Yes, compared to humans it's moves are different and from time to time are superior but I do feel that there are weaknesses in AlphaGo's way of playing. Today was Lee Sedol's defeat but not a defeat of human beings</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Google and the Korean Baduk Association, who both organized this match, already agreed earlier on that the match would continue up to and including the fifth game in case the winner of the match would be known after three wins in a row. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/the-historic-match-between-deep.html" target="_blank">[Part 1: Details of the Match of the 21st century]</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html" target="_blank"><b>[Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-3-lee-sedol-about-go-board-in-his.html">[Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head]</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-4-ai-versus-human-expectations-and.html" target="_blank">[Part 4: AI versus Human: Expectations and Predictions] </a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-5-googles-biggest-press-conference.html">[Part 5: Google's biggest press conference ever: opening of the match AI vs. Mankind]</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-6-review-of-game-1-lee-sedol.html" target="_blank">[Part 6: Review of Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's incredible fighting power]</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-7-review-of-game-2-alphagos-new.html" target="_blank">[Part 7: Review of Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression]</a></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-9-review-of-game-4-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>[Part 9: Review of Game 4: Lee Sedol's brilliant move reveals weaknesses AlphaGo]</b></span></a><br />
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-37009331171988410482016-04-23T06:49:00.001-07:002016-12-16T06:35:39.156-08:00Part 7: Review of Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/deel-7-partij-2.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">[NL Versie]</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Review of Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">At the press conference after the first game, Lee Sedol estimated himself to have a 50% chance of winning the second game. The main question is whether AlphaGo will play (now with black) as aggressive and offensive as in the first game.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">You can imagine that Lee Sedol has adapted severely his playing style in multiple ways after losing the first game. In contrast, in the basis AlphaGo is unable to adapt in any way as training a new version of the program takes about 4 - 6 weeks. So it is not possible (and also not desirable) to apply important changes in AlphaGo's algorithms during this seven-day match (except in case serious bugs would occur).</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 16.363636016845703px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Lee Sedol concentrates before the start of the second game.</span><br style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Referee Fan Hui (left) watches. </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol plays the first moves in any case more conservative and calm. According to commentator Michael Redmond (9p): "<i>Lee Sedol perhaps has considered a slightly more careful way of playing considering how well AlphaGo has performed in the first game. However, in this game AlphaGo not only plays even more aggressive but it seems that the program also makes less mistakes</i>".</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 1: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 37 (circle, AlphaGo is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo's 19th move (circle in <b>Dia. 1</b>) is an equally astonishing as powerful move. Lee Sedol appears to be as surprised as everyone: he leaves the match table immediately, takes a (allowed) break while his clock remains ticking. Michael Redmond: "<i>This is a creative move. It is a move which I believe I have never seen before in a top professional game</i>". Virtually all AlphaGo's stones are cooperating together effectively with this creative 'shoulder hit'. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When Lee Sedol returns at the match table, he takes an unusually long time to answer and after only just forty moves in the game, he is already 20 minutes behind in thinking time compared to AlphaGo. Redmond: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"<i>He has clearly difficulties to handle such a strong move that he has never seen before. It is a new and unique move and Lee Sedol has to think about it. This is the reason why people become professionals</i>"</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 2: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 41 (circle, AlphaGo is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After this well balanced move AlphaGo evidently is the attacker. Younggil An (8p) mentioned AlphaGo's move (see <b>Dia. 1</b>) "<i>a rare and intriguing shoulder hit but Lee Sedol's answer (see <b>Dia. 2</b>) was excellent and beautiful</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol prevents AlphaGo to build up a moyo at the upper center and leaves the option open to make some territory himself at the right side. However, AlphaGo keeps the initiative and with black 41 (circle in <b>Dia. 2</b>) the program creates possibilities to play on one of the triangles (<b>Dia. 2</b>). Thereby Alphago can try to attack the white stones while making territory at the lower side. In addition, this move of AlphaGo helps to build the center moyo and prevents a white extension at the bottom side. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 3: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 61 (circle, AlphaGo is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With AlphaGo's move 61 (circle in <b>Dia. 3</b>) it builds influence in the upper left center, provides some extension air to it's group in the center left (preventing white's attack), and threatens to invase white's group at the lefthand side (and to cut off a white stone). It is crystal clear that AlphaGo keeps putting pressure and controls the initiative.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 4: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 81 (triangle, AlphaGo is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo seems not to worry about Lee Sedol's previous strengthening of his groups to prepare a fight at the upper edge. AlphaGo just continues building up it's own framework and, while doing so, exhibits an incredible flexibility.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In response to white's invasion (square in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 4</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">) black doesn't respond with obvious moves either on top or to the left of the invading stone, but instead plays a very solid move at the outside (triangle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 4</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">), removing any weaknesses there so that black will have all his hands free to attack the invading stone much more heavily and aggressively later on.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo still maintains the initiave and forces too choose between: a) extending to the center to make there a living group and neutralize black's strong influence in the center, and b) to make a small living basis in the upper left corner with the great risk that black will become rock-solid at the outside and with that strength can try to cash in the built center moyo (<b>Dia. 4</b>).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 5: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 97 (circle, AlphaGo is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol makes the choice to attempt to neutralize the center but remains with a small heavy group without a base while AlphaGo takes points at both sides, strengthens it territory and tightens the pressure on the white group (<b>Dia. 5</b>).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 6: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 101 (circle, AlphaGo is black)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">White has no choice other than to persevere consequently but black keeps heavily attacking. And during this offense AlphaGo every time profits. With a next beautifully balanced attacking move (circle in <b>Dia. 6</b>) black prevents white from making eyes easily or can connect to the white group at the right hand side. And meanwhile black substantiates the center (which will be of benefit later on during the fight).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 7: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 127 (triangle, AlphaGo is black)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With determination Lee Sedol tries to solidify his center group and to prevent AlphaGo from making a mountain of points in the center but the white group remains shaky and stays a heavy burden to Lee Sedol (<b>Dia. 7</b>). While white takes points at the lower edge (square in <b>Dia. 7</b>), black calmly makes territory in the center (triangle in <b>Dia. 7</b>). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Redmond: "<i>the control of the flow of the game has been alternated between the players several times. However, while fighting in the center AlphaGo played brilliant moves which forced Lee Sedol into immediate actions and choices</i>". And while Lee Sedol seriously threatened the territory at the upper side, AlphaGo doesn't seem to worry and just cashes in points in the center: "<i>points are points and it is completely irrelevant where on the board these points are taken</i>" Redmond continues.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 8: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 139 (triangle, AlphaGo is black)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">While attacking AlphaGo takes already a tank of points in the center by cutting off a part of Lee Sedol's group. White just has no choice: otherwise his whole group will die. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But even after white's big move in the upper right (square in <b>Dia. 8</b>) which threatens black's territory at the upper right edge, black plays calmly in the center. Thereby threatening to cut off another little tasty trail from white (triangle in <b>Dia. 8</b>).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 9: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 151 (circle, AlphaGo is black)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Unfortunately, also in this situation Lee Sedol has to take eggs for his money and after another substantial bleeding is the white center group, meanwhile strongly shrunk, still not yet connected. AlphaGo keeps up the pressure and with black 11 the program plays a nice move that a</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">chieves many results simultaneously (circle in </span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Dia. 9</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 10: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, after black 163 (circle, AlphaGo is black)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Again Lee Sedol has no other choice than to try connecting his stones without AlphaGo playfully kicking in even more points in the mean time. Yet white looses once more some points. With black's forcing move (circle in <b>Dia. 10</b>) to cut again (triangle in <b>Dia. 10</b>), or even to catch the left over group in it's entirety (with a cut on O11 in <b>Dia. 10</b>) it is trying to empty the ocean with a thimble for white. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">At this point in the game Lee Sedol is behind about five points (komi included) so if black is able to cut yet more stones from white's meanwhile disintegrated center group it is definitively end of story. And this is exactly what ultimately happens: white is cut off once more. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 11: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 2, end position after black 211 (circle, AlphaGo is black)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With this cut the game is over and Lee Sedol resigns about 50 moves later (see final position in <b>Dia. 11</b>), at that time he is about 10 points behind. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo did not relinquish control of the initiative at any moment in this game: Lee Sedol was defeated by the program in a rather straightforward and very impressive manner.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">While Lee Sedol played some obvious overplays (a move that is too greedy to make more points than the opponent, more than could be considered as reasonable on the basis of your opponent's strength) in the first match, this game it is a completely other story: Lee Sedol didn't play any overplays and showed the very best of his Go play while seriously considering AlphaGo as one of his strongest opponents until now. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Several new and interesting moves have been conjured effortlessly on the board by a very aggressively playing AlphaGo. Some of which </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">initially</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> were regarded as unreasonable, incorrect, or simply not working. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In an exceptionally big fight during the second half of the middle game, Lee Sedol was put under enormous pressure (<b>Dia. 6</b> en<b> 7</b>).With clearly much too little time to calculate accurately all favorable variations and outcomes in this extremely complex, never before occurring Go position. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Regrettably Lee Sedol didn't succeed in finding a better alternative in this ultra complicated, misleading, unclear and confusing position. On that account he made the decisive mistake that gave AlphaGo a lead of about 5 points. At the deciding moment in the game (<b>Dia. 6</b>) Redmond suggested that Lee Sedol possibly was already somewhat behind. </span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ap6Y77gO65E/VxJlycOqMFI/AAAAAAAAAMg/B42dA1OlKlMq2L2t-ll81XcIghRyXrtfgCLcB/s1600/LeeSedolSpeechlessAfterLosingGame2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="418" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ap6Y77gO65E/VxJlycOqMFI/AAAAAAAAAMg/B42dA1OlKlMq2L2t-ll81XcIghRyXrtfgCLcB/s640/LeeSedolSpeechlessAfterLosingGame2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the end, Lee Sedol quits while being defeated more or less with his own weapon: starting ultra complex, all-or-nothing fights and then to try getting </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">decisive advantage </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">during that battle. For many top professionals it remained unclear until the last part of the middle game what would be the outcome of this second game. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Demis Hassabis mentioned that from the second half of the game on, AlphaGo became more and more confident in victory from the midway point of the game (as is continuously monitored by it's probability theory of winning). Even though the professional commentators could not tell who was ahead </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">at that stage in the game. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lee Sedol explained afterwards: "<i>Today, AlphaGo played a nearly perfect game: from the very beginning of the game I did not feel like there was a point that I was leading. While during the first game I was overwhelmed and surprised by AlphaGo's way of play, today I was startled and speechless about the extremely strong moves AlphaGo generated, some of which were unexpectedly well working out. Furthermore, AlphaGo, unlike yesterday, did not make any unreasonable or incorrect moves from the second part of the middle game until the end of the game</i>". </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Asked
about any possible weaknesses of AlphaGo, Lee Sedol passed over the
question to Demis Hassabis after first stating that </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"<i>today I lost because I was unable to find and detect any weaknesses in the play of AlphaGo</i>"</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. Hassabis answered the question by stating
that one of the goals of the match of AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol is to
find out if AlphaGo has any such weaknesses and to try to learn from
them. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Go-prof </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hong Minpyo (9p) confirmed that Lee Sedol and he afterwards have analysed </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">every move of the second game </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">for five hours. After the game, Lee Sedol was very confused about why he had lost this game. This post-game analysis and research probably helped Lee Sedol to recover somewhat. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Today,
AlphaGo apparently has beaten Lee Sedol with unprecedented accurate force
power and incredibly profound computations during the most complex phase of
the game. Reaching the point at which many human top professional Go
players, including Lee Sedol, were unable to confidently calculate
and reliably assess the outcome of the complex variations possible. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee
Sedol remarked that in the upcoming third game of the match he will have to
focus and concentrate on the opening and first part of the game, to
seek and exploit any weaknesses of AlphaGo in order to build a lead
early in the game.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">So now, after two incredibly fascinating and thrilling games of the match --despite their totally different type in nature both have been won by AlphaGo-- the real strength of the AI program becomes more and more apparent. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The chances of winning this match by Lee Sedol against such a magnificent and superbly playing deep learning AlphaGo seem to decrease rapidly (down to very improbable) after considering this astonishing, fascinating and breathtaking second game of the match. Today, again history has been written, both by Lee Sedol and the team of AlphaGo in many, irreversible, indelible, and unimaginable ways.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This must feel for Lee Sedol like he was hit by a relentless gravitational wave. Struck, overwhelmed, greatly saddened, almost destroyed. What would be in his mind after this second consecutive loss? At this stage in the match Lee Sedol deserves more than the very, very best and the deepest respect, support and admiration to overcome his great disappointment. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/the-historic-match-between-deep.html" target="_blank">[Part 1: Details of the Match of the 21st century]</a></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html" target="_blank"><b>[Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-3-lee-sedol-about-go-board-in-his.html">[Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head]</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-4-ai-versus-human-expectations-and.html" target="_blank">[Part 4: AI versus Human: Expectations and Predictions] </a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-5-googles-biggest-press-conference.html">[Part 5: Google's biggest press conference ever: opening of the match AI vs. Mankind]</a></b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-6-review-of-game-1-lee-sedol.html" target="_blank">[Part 6: Review of Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's incredible fighting power]</a></span></b><br />
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<a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-8-review-of-game-3-lee-sedols.html" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">[Part 8: Review of Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to enormous mental pressure]</span></b></a></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-66958382196483389182016-04-22T06:37:00.002-07:002016-05-02T07:22:56.147-07:00Part 6: Review of Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's incredible fighting power (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/deel-6-partij-1-lee-sedol-onderschat.html" target="_blank">[NL Versie]</a></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Review of Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's incredible fighting power</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The first game of the Google DeepMind challenging match between deep learning AlphaGo and top Go professional Lee Sedol (9p) is the most important game of this match as this is the first time an AI program plays </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">without handicap </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">against one of the strongest human Go-players of the world.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo has not learned from professional games and therefore, as repeatedly stated and emphasized by Demis Hassabis, has not a single game of Lee Sedol in it's database. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol doesn't know much more about the program than what he has seen from AlphaGo's match against Fan Hui (2p) last October: a strong but now and then malfunctioning program, sometimes making obvious mistakes in complex situations, without too much whole-board understanding. And that against a substantially weaker Go-player who made many overplays Lee Sedol probably never would make. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Both sides will thus be scanning each other for the very first time, finding out the strategies, way of thinking, patterns, playing strength of the opponent and exploit any possible weaknesses</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. While AlphaGo originally trained on 130,000 amateur games (up to 8-9 dan = ~1-2p) and further improved from millions of self-play games, Lee Sedol played several thousands of top-tournament games in the almost 25 years of his professional Go-life. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The opening moves of the first game in this historic match between mankind and AI are played while it is </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">early in the morning 5 AM in the Netherlands. Here the match </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">is watched under extremely high-voltage excitement in the European Go Cultural Center (EGCC) by more than 60 people that have come from all corners of The Netherlands with or without sleeping bag, to experience this once-in-a-lifetime event together real-time and to live through the game as conscious as possible. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Two big screens are placed on the wall from which the online game commentary and playing room of the match are displayed. Huge posters, a demonstration board and many laptops with all-sides discussions of the match worldwide. Meanwhile the game is discussed by the strongest European players we have: Merlijn Kuin (6d), Peter Brouwer (6d), and Guo Juan (5p, inactive as pro player).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It is no secret that Lee Sedol consulted several Go-players and programmers in preparation to this match. This may be also one of the reasons why Lee Sedol will test in specific manners how AlphaGo will treat and react on moves that the program never has seen (or learned)</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> before</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. Besides, Lee Sedol is assisted by a team of psychologists and coaches to deal with the enormous mental pressure and media attention worldwide. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And to let himself not being brought out-of-balance by the </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">non-ability to assess </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the emotional state and mental stability of his opponent (in this case, the biggest challenge is actually to win from himself </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in particular</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After Lee Sedol's move with black 7 </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(see <b>Dia. 1</b>) Merlijn Kuin (6d) kicks off immediately: “<i>this is a rather unique move and very aggressive of black. According to me, this is a position which appeared never before on the board. I am convinced that Lee Sedol uses a preconceived strategy that fits his style</i>". Lee Sedol makes a bad decision by choosing an unusual opening of which he is sure it is absent in AlphaGo's database. However, Lee Sedol himself is also unfamiliar with such a rare and less optimal opening pattern. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 1: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 1, after white 14 (lowest triangle, Lee Sedol is black).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When seeing the first moves played by AlphaGo, Guo Juan (5p) shakes her head in a clearly disapproving manner </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">(</span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Dia. 1</b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">): "<i>this program really needs a good teacher who will knock and bestow upon the head when playing such a bad move, every just knows that this move isn't good at all ... these first white moves are obviously not optimal and look like beginner's mistakes</i>". The order in which the white moves </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">are played </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">(marked with a triangle in </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 1</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">), provide black with the opportunity to answer as in the game. Therefore, the result is somewhat less for AlphaGo (see </span></span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 1</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 16.363636016845703px;"><b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br />Dia. 2: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 1, after black 23 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With Lee Sedol's move 23 (circle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 2</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">) the game is going up in flames immediately. Guo Juan (5p) comments almost instantly: "<i>this move by Lee Sedol is much too compulsory and forcing</i>" and she indicates that black's </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">tsuke (touching move)</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> is a huge overplay. The tone of the game has been set as the rest of the game flow will be determined by Lee Sedol's huge underestimation of the program. AlphaGo cuts at once and takes the initiative by putting Lee Sedol under high pressure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After barely 25 moves </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(</span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 3</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">), there are seven groups fighting each other. Peter Brouwer (6d) remarks that the shapes and patterns in this game are not particularly beautiful.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> And Michael Redmond (9p) comments: "<i>in reaction to a slightly less optimal move by AlphaGo, </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">it appears that</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Lee Sedol comes at once with an overplay. This human reaction is well understandable and makes AlphaGo at least one stone stronger</i>". </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 3: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 1, after white 50 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">With move 48 (triangle in </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 3</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">), white attacks the black group in the upper right-hand side. Black answers (square in </span></span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 3</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">) and adds some strength to his group by creating additional eye potential. I</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">n case of emergency, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">black can connect underneath with the three black stones at the top right side (e.g. by black R18). However, since it is far too early for black to play himself on 48 (triangle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 3</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">), white's move 48 is seen by top profs as a mistake by </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo (even though it is sente).</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 4: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 1, after white 80 (white stone with square) </span> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">After AlphaGo pushes from behind on the seventh line in </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 4,</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"> it becomes clear that the program does not respect widely accepted </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Go-proverbs ('<i>in the far east a child gets a smacking or a hit with a japanese fan on his hands</i>"). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With AlphaGo's strategy Lee Sedol gets huge influence in the center. But at the expense of a much weaker corner at the bottom right. After black neutralizes most of the aji of the two white cutting stones in the center (triangle </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 4</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">), white strikes and invades </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> (circle </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 4</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">). Evidently, AlphaGo wants to use the force of the white wall and to transform that into fighting power.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol plays tenuki and attacks the white stone in the bottom left corner while expanding his center moyo (blakc stone with square in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 4</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">). In turn, AlphaGo plays tenuki as well and captures two black stones, thereby removing most dangers (aji) around the center position </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(white stone with square in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 4</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, since removing black's aji </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">is not urgent right now and </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">with this move AlphaGo makes an important error in positional judgement. After the program's blunder, top prof Gu Li (9p) stated: </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"<i>Lee has now a chance of 90% to win this game</i>". And Michael Redmond comments: "<i>AlphaGo is very accurate and profound in computing moves and very balanced in influence and territory. After an earlier better position for AlphaGo, Lee Sedol has brought the game in balance again</i>". </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 16.363636016845703px;"><b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br />Dia. 5: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 1, after white 102 (circle, Lee Sedol is black)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And then suddenly in a calmly developing game, a dramatic upheaval happens: </span><span style="font-size: large;"><i>"<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">AlphaGo's move 102 (<b>Dia. 5</b>) really is a superhuman move</span>" </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">according to Michael Redmond. It look</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">s like </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">white has </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">carefully </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">prepared this invasion with moves in the upper right and with the corner approach --25 moves earlier-- at the bottom right (white 78, circle in <b>Dia. 4</b>).</span><i style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> </i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A top Go-prof who thoughtfully suggested this move was laughed at in his face: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">initially</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">many Go-profs are rather negative and demand proof for this move. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo just plays it as nothing special. In second thought, however, profs worldwide </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">admire this wonderful effective invasion. Others are </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">heavily disconcerted by this remarkable move of the AI program as it shows it's incredible strength and profound 'understanding' of the concepts the game (including aji). This clearly shows how different this version of AlphaGo is compared to that during the Fan Hui match. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With this invasion AlphaGo attempts to blow up </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">entirely</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Lee Sedol's</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> position at the right side of the board in a terrifying fight </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(circle </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 5</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">) while</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> using the great influence it has built earlier. At the same time, this invasion gives opportunities </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">to make a base </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">for white's group </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">by exploiting the weaknesses in black's position on the right-hand side (note how the white group </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">extends over the full length of the board, see <b>Dia. 6</b>).</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 6: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 1, after white 116 (circle, Lee Sedol is black)</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t_QO6i20lOY/VxDzUe6VI0I/AAAAAAAAAIE/ckSeec4c1xs82RnMhUJr-AbdfMwY50nbACLcB/s1600/LS-AG-game1-after116.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">With AlphaGo's impressively strong and fabulous move, Lee Sedol has no choice other than to give up is three stones in the upper right (see </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 6</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">). In exchange, he gets three white stones but black's potential at the right side has disappeared like frost under the morning sun </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(in gote)</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. Then, AlphaGo plays a rather slow (and a bit cowardly as it seems unnecessary right now and is not optimal according to the commentators) but surely effective move which secures the white corner in the upper left (circle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 6</span></b><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">)</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">To play this move right now in the game (while there are several other, larger moves) indicates that the program believes it is ahead and has taken a sufficient lead to win the game. </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo is absolutely not interested in playing the most optimal, largest or most efficient moves: the program only plays moves that provide the highest probability of winning the game.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 7: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 1, after black 127 (circle, Lee Sedol is black)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Anyhow, Lee Sedol starts a fight in the bottom right corner in an attempt to put AlphaGo under pressure (</span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 7</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">). Due to some mistakes by black, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">white succeeds in making a living group that is much larger than what black should have allowed. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol seems already too much behind to catch up in the rest of the game.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 8: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 1, after white 136 (circle, Lee Sedol is black) </span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PtRqP5BBIQc/VxDzU9dEm7I/AAAAAAAAAIY/iFRxQb2MpyoAB0MpJo6XupXpLXv5liBrQCLcB/s1600/LS-AG-game1-after136.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nonetheless, Lee Sedol checks AlphaGo's whole-board awareness (triangle in </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 8</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">): does white notice that his long, elongated group is not yet alive? </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">With the effective defense by AlphaGo it becomes clear that the program has excellent whole-board understanding </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(circle in </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 8</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Dia. 9:</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Game 1, final position after white 186 (circle, Lee Sedol is black)</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZXNqo1nSiWE/VxDzWhltAjI/AAAAAAAAAI0/3VqtsvQ2UuUoxxtp1MOe9ilA32iyzpvCgCLcB/s1600/LS-AG-game1-afterEND.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">After about 50 endgame moves, Lee Sedol resigns. With AlphaGo's move 186 (circle in </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 9</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">), Lee Sedol is more than 5 points behind. No doubt, Lee Sedol is greatly saddened by his severe underestimation of the mind-blowing strength and amazing fighting of this version of AlphaGo (as opposed to that during the Fan Hui match about half year ago).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This is the first time in history that an AI program defeats a top Go-prof in a formal game without handicap. Go-profs worldwide are </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">speechless</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> and </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">all agree that this has been a fabulous and historical game. And of course, there is a lot more to say in detail a</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">bout the firm attacks, remarkable, aggressive and deliberate moves, tactics and strategies of both sides in this game. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The era in which a human could wipe </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">an AI program (</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">without handicap) </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">from the board is past and once and for all closed. This magnificent and superbly profound way of playing Go is never shown before on our planet. A</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">nd will l</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">eave behind incredibly deep imprints and heavy tracks </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">on the hundreds of millions of people </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">worldwide</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">who were following this game online.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol loses this first game against AlphaGo and reacts deeply saddened, disappointed and very touched: "<i>I was very surprised because I did not think that I would lose the game. I am s</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">hocked by how well AlphaGo played, I can admit that. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I didn't think that AlphaGo would play the game in such a perfect manner. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A notable mistake from my side at the beginning of the game kept continuing during the game and </span></i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lasted until the very last. AlphaGo's early strategy was excellent and I was stunned by one unconventional move Alphago made </i></span><i style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">(see </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 5</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">) </span></i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>that a human never would have played. I am in shock, but what's done is done</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Despite his loss in this opening game, Lee Sedol stated he did not regret accepting the challenge: "<i>I had a lot of fun playing Go this game and I'm looking forward to the future games</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Michael Redmond (9p): "<i>In this first game of the series, AlphaGo triumphed by a very narrow margin. While Lee Sedol had led for most of the match, AlphaGo managed to build up a strong lead in the closing stages of the game. AlphaGo played profound and solid moves with which it secured victory and ultimately has punished Lee Sedol severely and consequent for his lesser opening move (move 7) and aggressive overplay (move 23)</i>". </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this first game, AlphaGo has shown </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">evidently</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> that it has a taste for aggressive and offensive play, something the program not necessarily demonstrated during the Fan Hui match. In this game AlphaGo has exhibited surprisingly accurate, profound, and versatile judging of the position.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And AlphaGo has played at least one incredibly wonderful move that achieved so many goals at the same time that it is hard to apprehend </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(</span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 5</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">). During the fight that followed, the program succeeded in getting enough </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">advantage so that it was confident to secure</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the upper left corner</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> with an all-telling move and claiming the victory of the game (</span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dia. 6</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">).</span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-H1mblKDedds/VxEYd4QQNaI/AAAAAAAAAKE/zLP8abk-SO082sOYF-dr1R-QzuF_88fdQCLcB/s1600/ProudDemisHassabisAfterGame1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-H1mblKDedds/VxEYd4QQNaI/AAAAAAAAAKE/zLP8abk-SO082sOYF-dr1R-QzuF_88fdQCLcB/s640/ProudDemisHassabisAfterGame1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Although Lee Sedol controlled the majority of the game, AlphaGo managed to rebuild itself in a phenomenal way and secured a clear advantage during the last 20 minutes of the game after which Lee Sedol resigned.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With all his hubris and self-assurance prior to this match, his underestimation of the startling, mind-boggling, fabulous, and wonderful play and strength of AlphaGo, his expectations on the basis of the games during the Fan Hui match, his immense concentration and involvement with this first game of the match, and the enormous media attention and psychological pressure by all eyes of the world, this extremely surprising and unexpected loss must have felt particular anguish for Lee Sedol.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html">[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/the-historic-match-between-deep.html" target="_blank">[Part 1: Details of the Match of the 21st century]</a></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html" target="_blank"><b>[Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-3-lee-sedol-about-go-board-in-his.html">[Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head]</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-4-ai-versus-human-expectations-and.html" target="_blank">[Part 4: AI versus Human: Expectations and Predictions] </a></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-7-review-of-game-2-alphagos-new.html" target="_blank">[Part 7: Review of Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression] </a></span></b></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-2268041601780803922016-04-15T03:16:00.002-07:002016-04-15T14:41:51.368-07:00Part 5: Google's biggest press conference ever: AI versus Mankind (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Google's biggest press conference ever: opening of the match AI vs. Mankind</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/deel-5-googles-grootste-persconferentie.html" target="_blank">[NL Versie]</a></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">On Tuesday March 8th, 10 AM Korean time, hundreds and hundreds of curious and mouth watering photographers, reporters, journalists, media specialists, commentators, broadcast stations, newspapers, press, Go-fans and AI scientists worldwide, have gathered for the biggest press conference ever held by Google: the official opening of the most spectacular, remarkable, and pioneering match in the history of the most ancient of games of the world. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Compared to the minutes-long, continuous flashing of the hundreds of cameras focused on Lee Sedol and Demis Hassabis during the opening of the match, the flashlights on the red carpet at the première of a new James Bond movie is wholly negligible.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The throughout the past half year with anabolic </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">steroids super-trained AlphaGo will combat against the legendary Lee Sedol, world's strongest Go-prof. Apparently, Lee Sedol has prepared himself extensively for this match and accommodated himself by a special team be able to handle the enormous psychological pressure and worldwide media attention during this match.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With Lee Sedol's all-or-nothing-at-all character and his immensely strong wanting to show AlphaGo all corners of the Go-board in a sensational manner, he is willing to go to any extreme to eclipse, surpass, and try to annihilate the program completely. To show once and for all for the eyes of the whole world that the program --for what concerns playing Go-- does know nothing. And should have subscribed already many years ago for the Go-lessons at Lee Sedol's own Go-dojo in Seoul. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol will have to pull out all the stops to identify and exploit AlphaGo's weaknesses. But how difficult must it be to play against an opponent about which you know almost nothing, of which you virtually don't know how it plays, who you, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">both physically and mentally, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">cannot sense or notice, and aren't able to assess it's strength and way of playing. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">To whom you just can't say or signal something in between, and who shows no respect or appreciation at all for the most fantastic, profound, and admirable moves that you play in order to win the game and have victory. How strikingly different this must be as compared to when you play against a human opponent, who you can make clear, with just a rapid eye blink already, during the final of an international tournament that you've blind faith to attain the title.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ahead of the match Lee Sedol explained to the BBC: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"<i>Playing against a machine is very different from an actual human opponent. </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Normally, you can sense your opponent's breathing, their energy. And lots of times you make decisions which are dependent on the physical reactions of the person you're playing against. </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>With a machine, you can't do that</i>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">While Lee Sedol continuously has to guess and ask himself</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">how and where AlphaGo will play, what the program's strong power is, which strategies it will apply, for AlphaGo it is as easy as pie (and a piece of cake) to judge a position </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">calmly by invariably assuming the best possible opponent's move. That is something we humans are not always capable of, or prefer </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">from time to time </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">to take some risk by underestimating the opponent unnecessarily (</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">unconscious or conscious) </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">or whose reputation is not very high a priori (for whatever colored reasons).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And you ask yourself: "<i>how will it be for Lee Sedol to do everything he can (</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>and more) with each move in a four to five hour game under absolute, high-voltage pressure while he realizes that another nerve-wrecking and back-breaking --over hundred million people watching-- game will be waiting for him in less than 20 hours</i>"? Under enormous mental pressure with all eyes of the world focused (and counting) on you. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">While AlphaGo has a continuously playing (and thinking) backup running </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in the background on Google's data centers in the west of the US, Lee Sedol needs to analyse, process and digest </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">all experiences, patterns, moves, and positions of the previous game </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in his sleep (without a backup clone who can take over insensibly in case things may become momentarily too heavy and difficult).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hassabis explained to the press: "the DeepMind team will enter this match, in which everything is possible, open minded and unprejudiced". Lee Sedol will begin the match, however, on the basis of the Fan Hui games and above all have the strong feeling that he surely would have exploited AlphaGo's weaknesses (and simply never would have played some of Fan Hui's overplays). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">One thing is for sure: the match between AlphaGo and Lee Sedol will be an extremely important chapter in the history of artificial intelligence. Experts and official distinguished ones in AI all agree that if AlphaGo wins this match, that will open a new door and will be a completely new chapter in the future development of AI. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For many, that will be a very bitter pill to swallow and hard to digest turning point: that our </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">superior intuition when judging a Go-position and our immense creativity to come up with the most effective move, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">allowing </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">all stones on the Go-board to work together and cooperate as good and efficient as possible, will be completely overpowered and superseded by a computer program. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-4-ai-versus-human-expectations-and.html" target="_blank">[Part 4: AI versus Human: Expectations and Predictions]</a></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html">[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol Match Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-54967516793949904602016-04-08T06:53:00.001-07:002016-04-15T03:44:47.836-07:00Part 4: Artificial Intelligence versus Lee Sedol: Expectations and Predictions (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/deel-4.html" target="_blank"><b>[NL Versie]</b></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Among the strongest Go players of the world there are almost none who really believe that deep learning AlphaGo will be able to defeat Lee Sedol in the Google DeepMind challenging match. However, many of them are eager to play against AlphaGo themselves. They expect this based on the games of AlphaGo against Fan Hui, the apparent mistakes AlphaGo made from time to time, and the fact that Fan Hui made a number of mistakes that Lee Sedol is very unlikely to make. A few examples of what top 9p players have been saying in advance about the outcome of the match: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Changho Lee (9p): “<i>I heard about the match between Lee Sedol and AlphaGo. I am surprised that an AI program could challenge a human pro on even game. I believe DeepMind challenged Lee Sedol because they thought AlphaGo has chance of winning. It will be an interesting match, but I think Lee Sedol will win this time</i>”. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ke Jie( 9p): “<i>I used to think AI can never beat human, at least it won't happen within 10 years. But this unbelievable .. I think Lee Sedol will win the match in March</i>”. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Dongyoon Kang (9p): “<i>I went through the game record of the match between AlphaGo and Fan Hui, and AlphaGo plays really well. It makes huge mistakes where standard procedures are necessary. I do not understand how computers can make such mistakes. I think AlphaGo will ultimately lose after winning and losing some of the five games. However, people say that Lee Sedol earned USD 1 million price money for free, but I do not agree. I would have feared the result</i>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Gu Li (9p): “<i>Without any doubt, this has been an astonishing development, I believe it will defeat human in the future</i>”. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Shi Yue (9p): “I<i>t will probably be a good opportunity for us when the program reaches the level of a top player and is accessible by the general public. I would definitely play with it every day using different tactics in order to understand more about Go</i>”. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Changhyuk Yoo (9p, head coach of Korean Baduk Team): “<i>If AlphaGo's current level is similar to the one it showed during the match with Fan Hui, Lee Sedol will easily beat AlphaGo. However, we are not sure how much progress AlphaGo has made during the six months after the Fan Hui match. I originally expected that it will take long to see AI catch up with humans in Go, but I was surprised to see AlphaGo win the match against Fan Hui</i>”. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The main and big unknown in all expectations worldwide about the outcome of the match is the relative strength of the current version of AlphaGo compared to the version that defeated Fan Hui. Was DeepMind able to further improve AlphaGo's way of playing structurally in the mean time to approach the caliber of a 9p? If not, predicting the outcome of the match seems to be no brainer. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Based on the match with Fan Hui, several weaknesses in the way AlphaGo's plays have been suggested (e.g. Younggil An, 8p): a lack of understanding the concept of sente, no insight in the principle of aji, misjudging complicated moves with delayed consequences further on in the game, problems with complicated and big ko's, and an clear absence of 'creativity' by just following common patterns over and over again: AlphaGo mimics the play of professionals and then follows usually standard patterns that may not turn out to be optimal in specific positions that demand for precise, proficient, and perceptive deviations. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Myungwan Kim (9p) also commented about AlphaGo's apparent lack of whole-board awareness: "<i>while professional players are more creative and will vary their play more based on subtle differences in other part of the board, AlphaGo makes '5-dan mistakes' while struggling with the whole-board interconnectedness</i>". This may be due to specific structure of the underlying models of the program: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the convolutional neural networks AlphaGo are based on, are typically local in nature, and therefore don’t build a coherent whole-board </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">understanding</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. Therefore, we don’t know yet how AlphaGo will do when the fighting gets more extended and complex, or when the board is more fluid and multiple local positions are not unresolved yet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">According to AI games programmer Rémi Coulom AlphaGo cannot propagate information at a distance more than 13 points due to it's underlying neural network architecture (1 layer of 5x5, 11 layers of 3x3 convolution). So when there is a fight on one side of the board, AlphaGo is unlikely to assess and interpret correctly local positions on the other side of the board. Therefore, the program </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">might getting into serious trouble in positions with important, non-local fields of tension (for instance, during multple fights </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">occuring simultaneously all over the board. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">DeepMind research scientist Thore Graepel explains: “<i>Although we have programmed this machine to play, we have no idea what moves it will come up with.It moves are an emergent phenomenon from the training. We just create the data sets and the training algorithms. But the moves AlphaGo then comes up with are out of our hands – and much better than we, as Go players, could come up with. The program's rather autonomous nature</i>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">DeepMind chief executive Demis Hassabis adds: “<i>AlphaGo played itself, different versions of itself, millions and millions of times and each time got incrementally slightly better as it learned from its mistakes</i>”. About two weeks before the match, Aja Huang (6d) commented: “<i>We are still preparing hard for the match, AlphaGo is getting stronger and stronger”</i>. Learning and improving from its own matchplay experience means deep learning AlphaGo is now even stronger than when it beat European champion Fan Hui last year. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Asked whether there is a ceiling to AlphaGo's learning abilities, Hassabis answered: “<i>If there is one, we haven’t found it yet</i>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hence an important question is </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in what areas AlphaGo has been improved further by the DeepMind team? What smart and effective upgrades of AlphaGo o</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ver the past five months </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">can we expect? Thereby, we roughly can make four classes of improvements </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(see also: 'Let it Go' event, Leo Dorst, UvA): data, algorithms and software, training and learning, hardware and computing time:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-selection of stronger pro games (not only ≥ 6d from KGS, also collections of prof games). </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It has been shown that with small improvements in the accuracy of reproducing prof moves, immediately big leaps forward can be made in playing strength.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-extension of AlphaGo with comprehensive joseki-, shape- and/or complex pattern libraries</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-comprehensive analysis and training on Lee Sedol games </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">specifically</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">, perhaps targeting weaker elements in the way Lee Sedol plays (if these exist at all)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Algorithms and Software</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-AlphaGo has learned from mistakes it made during the match against Fan Hui</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-improvement of AlphaGo's algorithms for e.g.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">move selection and board evaluation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-prevent / circumvent specific problematic situations (for instance: complex ko situations)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-improve and/or extend feature filters in order to be able to represent positions better and in more detail, these determine whether a (subpart of a) position during a game against Lee Sedol is sufficiently precise being recognized and </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">accurately classified by AlphaGo</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-improvement of the balance between on one side the neural networks for move selection and board evaluation </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">and on the other side precise computation using Monte Carlo Tree Search</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-extension of the number of network layers in order to recognize new, more specific go-features </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-incorporate new ideas and concepts to increase the performance of AlphaGo's play</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Training and Learning</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-fine tuning and extension of AlphaGo's neural network training sessions</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-extension of the number of studied go-positions (>60 million) and/or games played (e.g. against itself, ≥ 1.3 million) to increase the accuracy of selecting and playing winning moves by AlphaGo</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-improvements in learning the value of go-moves, for instance by </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">more detailed and more accurate backpropagation of the final game result during the training sessions</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-extension of the number of conventional (> 1202 CPUs) and graphical processors (>176 GPUs) the distributed version of AlphaGo can use simultaneously</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-increasing the thinking time / computation time)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(this used to be 1 hour per person during the Fan Hui match, and apparently will be now </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">2 hour, which </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">will be particularly beneficial for AlphaGo, especially towards the endgame</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Which of these </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">improvements will be applied and whether they will compensate for the weaknesses in play of the earlier version of AlphaGo? It is hard to tell what another five months 24/7 complimentary neural network training can do </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">for AlphaGo's way of playing. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">According to William Sanzenin (quora.com): “<i>I’d expect the March version of AlphaGo to be significantly stronger than the one that played last October. Its reading is going to be even better. Its assessment of the global position will be improved</i>”. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In case the </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">professionals’ observations about AlphaGo’s play do </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">reflect limitations inherent to its </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">system structure and / or </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">approach, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">as a matter of course, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> this is fatal against Lee Sedol. Also, it is possible that the program simply hasn't studied enough top-prof game positions. Herewith, t</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">he generally accepted idea is that deep learning models are as good as the data you feed them (see also: <a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html" target="_blank">AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass</a>). So pro games as learning material undoubtedly will increase substantially AlphaGo's playing strength.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Concerning the important question what will be the hardware used for the distributed version of AlphaGo during the match against Lee Sedol, Demis Hassabis tweeted: “<i>We are using roughly same amount of compute power as in Fan Hui match: distributing search over further machines has diminishing returns</i>”. That means AlphaGo will be using 1,202 CPUs and 176 GPUs. However, various sources, including the New Economist, state that “<i>the actual version of AlphaGo will be using 1,920 CPUs and 280 GPUs which is broadly similar to the computer power used in the match with Fan Hui</i>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Apart from the extended training of AlphaGo by tera playing against itself, the possibly extended hardware, and the increased thinking time, nobody actually knows precisely what detailed improvements in AlphaGo's play have been achieved over the past five months.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Another issue is whether </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo can adapt in real-time (during and / or after a game) </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">to the way Lee Sedol plays</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. Hassabis: “<i>This is about teaching and learning. One game is not enough data to learn from –for a machine-- and training takes an awful lot of time: training a new version of AlphaGo takes about 4 – 6 weeks</i>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">On March 8th, the evening before the match, on nearly all polls worldwide show similar forecasts: about 75 - 85 % of all voters is convinced Lee Sedol will win the match against AlphaGo. This is also in line with the predictions, in advance of the match, of a price contest </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">among dutch Go players </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">concerning the expected outcome (106 participants, including the strongest amateur players in Europe, organised in cooperation with chess and go shop 'het Paard ' and an ICT company). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">To summarize: there are many reasons to believe that the actual version of AlphaGo has climbed at least a few dan grades: t</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">he expected playing strength of AlphaGo is ≥ 8p with a base of expected improvements and the fact that AlphaGo's playing strength already was ~5p at time of the Fan Hui match.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In advance of the match, Lee Sedol is very self-confident about winning the match against AlphaGo. When invited for the match Lee Sedol reacted: “<i>This is the first time a computer has challenged a human pro to an even game and I am privileged to be the one to play it. Regardless of the result, it will be a meaningful event in baduk history. I heard Google DeepMind's AI is surprisingly strong and getting stronger, but I am confident that I can win, at least this time</i>”. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In an interview in Yonhap News, Lee Sedol told he is confident of beating AlphaGo by a score of 5-0, or at least with 4-1, and that he actually accepted the challenge after only 5 minutes of thinking. Also, he stated: "<i>Of course, there would have been many updates of AlphaGo in the last four or five months, but that isn’t enough time to challenge me</i>". And a couple of weeks before the match, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in an inverview with Sohn Suk-hee, Lee Sedol stated that: "<i>even if I beat AlphaGo by 4-1,</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>the Google DeepMind team has the right to claim its --de facto-- victory and to celebrate my defeat, or </i></span><i style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">even that of mankind</i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-5-googles-biggest-press-conference.html">[Part 5: Google's biggest press conference ever: opening of the match AI vs. Mankind]</a></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-3-lee-sedol-about-go-board-in-his.html" target="_blank">[Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head]</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html" target="_blank">[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol: Match Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-18710545582455442162016-04-07T05:00:00.001-07:002016-04-15T10:23:22.467-07:00Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol (korean: Yi Se-tol) is widely recognized as the world's top go player over the past decade. He was born March 2nd, 1983 (just turned 33 year) and is a South-Korean professional go player of 9p, the highest possible rank. Lee Sedol ranks second of the world with 18 international titles (just behind 8 years elder Lee Chang-ho (9p) who won 21 titles). At age 13, Lee Sedol was promoted to professional shodan (1p) and at age 21 he became the youngest 9p pro ever (at time of his promotion in 2003). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol learned go from his father when he was still very young, together with his elder brothers and sisters. He lived on a small island in the south-west part of Korea until he was accepted at age 9 to the Kwon Gapryong’s dojo (go-school). His older brother, Lee Sanghun (8p) is also a go pro and his sister, Lee Sena, used to be the strongest female amateur player in Korea. His teacher was Kweon Kab-yong (8d), a South Korean pro who started a go-school in Korea in 1989 (comparable to the famous Kitani Minoru school in Japan). Lee Sedol also studied go at the Korea Baduk Association (known well also as Hanguk Kiwon). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In an interview by Chae Yoon-kyung (2013) Lee Sedol explained his high-pitched voice: “<i>I was extremely stressed out when I was 14 after my debut as a go professional and I developed aphasia because some of my nerves were paralyzed back then. My parents were in Bigeum Island and I was living with my older brother, but he was in the Army. So there was no one who cared for me. I didn’t even had a chance to go through a proper medical checkup</i>”. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">From 2007 to 2011, Lee Sedol was the strongest go-player of the world. Nowadays, with an actual Bayes Elo rating of 3533, he is still among the top 4 of the world. In 2011, Lee Sedol earned more than $700,000 USD and about $640,000 in 2012, being the highest earning athlete among pro-sports stars in Korea. In 2013, he achieved the magical milestone of 1,000 official wins and became the sixth Korean Baduk player to hold such a special honor. He kept his # 1 title over many years, demonstrating his abilities and strength over and over again and putting him at the top of the world. O</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ver the last 20 years, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol won 801 out of 1176 recorded tournament games available at the Go4Go site, a winning percentage of ~68% at the top Go-pro level. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In an interview (Younggil An, 2013) Lee Sedol told: “<i>My ultimate goal is to be the best player in the world. Winning my first international title was a big step towards reaching this objective. I remember how fervently my father taught me, and how he dreamed of watching me grow to be the world's best. I feel great happiness and pride to have achieved so much, moving ever closer to fulfilling his dream</i>”. And asked about his future dreams, Lee Sedol answered: “<i>I want to remain a living legend. I want to be the first person people associate with baduk. I want my games to remain pieces of art. I also want to succeed in the baduk business by setting a good example and showing people that a person like me can do well in Baduk and also in other professions</i>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Without doubt Lee Sedol is among the best-of-the-best from the early 21st century and his powerful fighting style and nimble and agile strategies are very exciting to watch. He is known as one of the most creative players and his way of playing is often typified as explosive, inventive, daring and aggressive. The most interesting part of his game lies in his risk-loving tendency: while most top-ranking go players are risk averse and would not jump into a showdown battle full of uncertainty unless absolutely necessary, Lee Sedol just is attracted by this type of all-erasing fights. His vicious attacks are often designed to be decisive for the outcome of the game (instead of a way to maintain or reach a positional lead). He is ultra fast and profound in reading, lethal in battles, masterful at creating and handling chaotic warfare, and his reading and perception in Go is widely recognized as very deep and accurate. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol describes his own opening play as “rather weak” (i.e. in the fuseki as he invented many new joseki's) and, according to some go pro's his positional judgement sometimes is not top notch, relatively speaking. Often, he engages in the affray and battles shortly after the opening. Also, Lee Sedol is said to be not as studious and too often relies too heavily upon his talent. His preference for playing aggressively and to win-or-die with showdown battles may have prevented him to win consistently against various top-rated players. Moreover, Lee Sedol sometimes appears to turn overly pessimistic when things do not go as planned. This once led him to an incredibly early resign in only 106 moves while he was thought, even by his opponent, to be still ahead in the game. From this it is clear that Lee Sedol can be very emotional and from time to time displays a lack of sufficient objectivity (as every human being). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Asked by Chae Yoon-kyung (2013) about his style Lee Sedol explained: “<i>I always think about baduk. There is a baduk board in my head. When I come up with new strategies, I place stones on the board in my head even when I drink, watch dramas or play billiards. But it’s quite hard to come up with novel strategies these days. It was hard to obtain strategies from experts in the past, but it is totally different now. After each game, people analyze my strategies on the Web and instantly share it with hundreds or thousands of others. I feel like it’s copyright infringement</i>”. And about his concentration: “<i>Of course, I pay attention to important moments, but it is hard to stay focused all throughout the game because I’m a human. It is especially hard to stay focused in the very beginning of the game when my counterpart thinks for a long time before making his next move</i>”. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In a nutshell, Lee Sedol is a one of the strongest Go players in the world for more than a decade already. As a human, he sometimes can be very emotional and is he committed to fight for justice (as e.g. in his case with the KBA, in 2010). In 2006, Lee Sedol got married and his wife Kim Hyun Jin and daughter live in Canada. In February 2013, Lee Sedol announced he planned to retire within three years and move to the USA to promote Go. When he will join his wife and daughter is unknown yet. Interviewed by Younggil An (2013) Lee Sedol stated: “<i>I’m going to quit while I’m still at the top. I don’t want to fade away as an old man, from behind the scenes of the Go world</i>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-4-ai-versus-human-expectations-and.html" target="_blank"><b>[Part 4: AI versus Human: Expectations and Predictions] </b></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html">[Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass]</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html">[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol Match Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-1973224455136293942016-04-06T09:32:00.000-07:002016-12-13T04:37:39.238-08:00Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol) REVISED<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/deel-2.html">[NL Versie]</a></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Deep Learning program AlphaGo was developed by the Google DeepMind team specifically to play the board game Go. DeepMind was founded in London in 2010 by Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman. The mission of DeepMind is to solve intelligence and use it to make the world a better place (as a real advertisement slogan). DeepMind was at the time supported by the most iconic tech entrepreneurs and investors who had a clear-cut vision of the future, prior to being acquired by Google early 2014: their biggest European acquisition ever of $400 million.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this blog, an overview is given of the different AI components of AlphaGo as well as details about the teaching material, learning methods and skills of the program. In the first part (<i>Under a small magnifying glass</i>), the most important neural network components are put to spotlight along with their goal and function as part of AlphaGo. In the second part (<i>Under a large magnifying glass</i>), the characteristics of convolutional neural networks that AlphaGo is based on are covered in more detail.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Together, these two parts provide a basic overview of how the AI program is able to play go with such an unprecedented, never shown before achievement and extraordinary tour de force performance that amazingly and phenomenally are way beyond the original data (strong amateur games) from which AlphaGo has learned.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo is based on a branch of artificial intelligence named Deep Learning. In brief, this is a technique for efficiently learning associations and patterns from a giga amount of data. To this end, different complex layers of self-learning algorithms (neural networks) are used. After extended training, for instance, a neural network can learn to recognize faces in images or translate spoken sentences correctly. Once fit, the trained system is also able to find similar and unknown associations and patterns in new data. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The special and ground-breaking that sets apart AlphaGo in the area of AI, is the unique manner, with</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> very extensive and in-depth training, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">in which the program has learned to recognize and interpret go-positions and patterns. For this purpose AlphaGo judged, among other things, 30 million positions from 130,000 games from the KGS Go Server (with a 13-layer neural network). Each layer of the network has thereby its own task, for instance to keep track of the number of liberties. By back propagation of </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the end result of the game </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">to every position, AlphaGo has learned to select likely winning moves in a smart and efficient manner.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By smart restriction and selection (after extensive training) of good follow-up moves from all legal moves in a position, AlphaGo only needs to calculate a few moves thoroughly (red). From this small group of preferred moves, AlphaGo then selects the 'best' move that statistically, both on the short and long run, provides the highest probability of winning the game (green).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This learning process basically is very simple </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and rather similar to the way we learn Go ourselves: as you play more and more you give increasingly added value and preference to moves that produced success and benefit in earlier games. After training, AlphaGo managed to reproduce successfully 57% of the moves from the go-profs. During this process it became also clear that with </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">small improvements in this accuracy immediately </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">great leaps forwards </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">can be achieved </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">in playing strength (<b>basic policy version</b>).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">Using the basic policy version, an analogue version is made which enables AlphaGo to come up </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">very rapidly </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">with a next 'best' move, though less accurately. To this end, the program used ~140,000 patterns to determine efficiently and quickly probable good follup-moves in a go-position containing one or more of these patterns. After extensive training, this version of AlphaGo succeeds, about 1000 times faster than the <i>basic version, </i>to reproduce about 24% of the moves played by go-profs (<b>fast policy version</b>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">With this basic learning process of AlphaGo, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">however,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> there is little news under the horizon yet: if you continue training for too long </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">in this manner</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, you will be focusing too much on certain preferred moves that just occur frequently in the games studied (so called overfitting). This has the disadvantage that you might ignore other, relatively rare but </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">perhaps better and more likely winning moves. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To prevent this, a more mature version of AlphaGo trained against one of it's randomly selected younger, less wise predecessor program versions. After playing repeatedly 64,000 games in this manner, the most mature AlphaGo was added to it's own group of opponents. From that point, the entire process was started all over again. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In this manner, in total ~</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1.3 million go-games were played a</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">fter 20 iterations. Effectively, the program did become increasingly stronger </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">by playing many games against itself (<b>improved policy version</b>, also: 'reinforcement learning policy').</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After this long-term play-session the final honorary version of AlphaGo won more than 80% of the games against it's predecessors. And also over 85% against the strongest open source go-program Pachi which currently plays as 2d amateur on KGS and computes ~100,000 follow-up simulations per move. After this boot camp AlphaGo was able to select positional moves </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">with a high probability of winning in an </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">objective, fast, efficient, and accurate way</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Another example of AlphaGo's policy version: in every goposition all possible legal moves are considered. With long-lasting training AlphaGo has learned to select moves that provide the highest probability of winning the game. And from this selection, AlphaGo chooses the move that is recommended most by it's various algorithms.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Both preceding stages focused in particular on smart selection of moves with a high probability of winning. But what if you would like to know your <i><b>chances of winning</b></i> the game in a specific go-position? Then you actually would have to play out all promising follow-up moves and determine what fraction of those moves would result in a win. Since this, over and over again, consumes a mega amount of computing time, AlphaGo was trained further to be able to do this accurately but above all in a very fast and efficient way. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">With this final training phase AlphaGo builds --for each go-position to be judged-- a complete collection of games by rapidly playing moves, that are at random at first sight, until the game has finished in order to see who ultimately will win. In practice, these moves are not at all random because the program smartly uses the <i>fast policy version </i>('policy network') to determine in a very restrictive way which moves provide the highest probability of winning. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">To use the basic (or improved) policy version for this purpose, it would just take by far too much computing time. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When finishing the game from a given go-position, the fast policy version chooses rapidly the 'best' possible move for both parties. This efficient '</span><i style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">rollout policy</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">' has been built and trained in the same manner as the </span><i style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">basic policy version</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> but is specifically designed to be much faster (about 1000x faster).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">During this last training phase of AlphaGo, it again turned out to be important to try to generalize to new positions instead of leaning too much on go-positions seen and studied </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">previously. Therefore, the mature version of AlphaGo once more played against itself to generate 30 million positions whereas for each individual position the probability of winning the game was computed. This fourth version of AlphaGo is primarily focused on fast evaluation of the position (<i><b>evaluation version</b></i>).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To summarize, </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in practice </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">there are three versions of the 'policy network' that are identical in architecture but differ significantly in terms of accuracy and speed with which they select the next 'best' move. In contrast, the fourth version is specifically trained to evaluate any board position fast and accurately.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Each of the AlphaGo versions above can play a rather good game of Go on top-amateur level. At the same time, however, you can imagine that the <i>policy version</i> will put too much emphasis on the best move in a specific local position while the <i>evaluation version</i> will be preoccupied with whether a move ultimately leads to winning the game. This sometimes may result in substantially different moves between these versions (compare in the short vs. long run).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The most deliberate aspect of AlphaGo now is it's ability </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">to combine various </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">neural networks, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">both to generate good follow-up moves and to evaluate positions </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">efficiently and accurately, </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">for the first time </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">with precise move sequence computation using Monte Carlo Tree Search. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Until now, self-contained MCTS has been one of the most applied techniques to Go programs but </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">often turned out to be too computation intensive</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> and inaccurate to win </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">against a go-professional in </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">an even game. Also, because of these important disadvantages of MCTS, experts thought it would take at least another decade before a computer program would be able to defeat a go-prof in a no-handicap game on a 19x19 board.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In conclusion, after extensive deep learning and training by self-playing hundreds of millions of games, AlphaGo's various neural networks versions are </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">applied, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in a smart and efficient manner, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">to restrict the number of good follow-up moves that need to be further evaluated and the depth a move has to be computed deeply. As a consequence</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">board-positions in a game can be judged rapidly and accurately using a 'policy network' to smart move selection and a 'value network' </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">to compute the probability of winning. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">By nifty combination of the three different versions of the 'policy network' (<i>basic, fast, and improved policy versions</i>) with both the 'value network' (<i>evaluation version</i>) and real-time Monte Carlo Tree Search rollout computations, AlphaGo is able to come up with the 'best' move that provides the highest probability of winning the game in an ultra </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">efficient, fast, and reliable manner. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo is based in principle on general-purpose AI methods. Under the hood, the program uses convolutional (<b>filtering and encryption by transformation</b>) </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">neural networks that attempt to mimic the way of play and the moves of go-experts down to the last detail, and subsequently </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">become stronger by playing giga many games against themselves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In recent years, deep convolution neural networks (CNN) have achieved unprecedented performance in the fields of image classification and face and location recognition. These networks use many, extended layers of neurons (learning units) to construct autonomously increasingly abstract, very local and detailed representations of an image (without the necessity of having to hold the network's hand continuously). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Moreover, every network layer acts as a filter for the presence of specific features or patterns. For detection by such a filter it is irrelevant where exactly in the original image a specific feature or pattern is present: the filters are especially designed to detect whether or not the image does contain any such characteristics. The filter is shifted multiple times and applied at different image positions until the entire image has been covered in detail (the filter can correct, if necessary, e.g. for scale, translation, rotation angle, color, transformation, opacity, out of focus, deviations of specific features present in the original image).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Actually, the DeepMind team has employed a network architecture similar to convoluational neural nets when designing AlphaGo. Herewith, the board-position is represented by an image of 19x19 board points and offered as input after which the convolutional network layers subsequently construct a handy, compact, and precise representation of that position. Next, these layers can actually function as powerful filters in every go-position, for any specific pattern (or feature of the position) you want to detect locally and, for instance, be used for detailed classification, analysis or review of the board-position.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When processing increasingly smaller portions of the go-position image, the specific features of each network layer can be combined in order to distill an increasingly detailed and distinctive representation of the original go-position.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">By repeating this process, very specific and detailed features can be used for classification of a go-position (such as eye shape or number of liberties) in order to assign the position to multiple, ultra specific categories extremely accurately. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In practice, the special and incredible power of a convolutional network is that, by smart combination of different feature (filter) maps, a go-position can be categorized and reviewed very specifically on the basis of hundreds (if not thousands) of features and patterns simultaneously. In this manner, any go-position can be classified ultra fast and precise by first crude and clever characterization in terms of e.g. influence, corner fight, life-and-death problem, and then detailed designation of increasingly smaller characteristics of the position.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">An important advantage of such convolutional networks is their almost complete independence on any prior knowledge and/or human feature design efforts in order to ultimately learn and assign tens of thousands, ultra-detailed features of a go-position. Such networks require relatively little pre-processing of an input board-position: the network is perfectly able to learn (sometimes millions of) these ultra-distinctive feature filters entirely by itself, autonomously.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Each layer of the network has thereby its own task of detecting some in advance, handcrafted features of the position, for instance to keep track of the number of liberties (atari), ladders, or a 'pattern book' of all possible 3x3 patterns. By back-propagation of the end result of the game to each position, AlphaGo has learned </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">to assign win potentials to every possible move in a position and </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">to select promising moves in a fast and efficient manner (see above: <i>Under a small magnifying glass</i>).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The schematic image above shows a rather simplified example of the architecture of a convolutional neural network (just six layers) that contains characteristic components of the underlying architecture as has been applied to AlphaGo. In reality, the number of network layers, input dimensions and specific features for each layer as used in AlphaGo are much more complex than is shown here. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Schematically, this image just illustrates the basic ingredients and function of the convolutional neural networks of AlphaGo: in a nutshell, the various layers convolve (filtering and encryption by transformation) the original 19 x 19 go-position by detection of increaslingly smaller and more abstract go-features. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the example diagram, the go-position may be classified by the network as: border fight, attack, center ko, nobi, split move. In practice, the end classification by a convolutional network may contain sometimes thousands (or even tens of thousands) filters and features that may be present in the original data, such as the go-position in this example. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In case of AlphaGo, two deep learning </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">neural network types have been used that are rather </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">different and much more complex than shown in the diagram, each of them with it's own task and responsibilities: one network that has learned to select the next 'best' move and one network to evaluate the probability of winning in a position. For both networks, the numbers and number and type of layers shown are just a schematic over-simplified representation of what has been used for AlphaGo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Both neural networks have as input 48 feature planes of the 19 x 19 board-points image (which in this diagram are represented by just one single image) and are configured specifically to optimize the efficiency and accuracy of their task. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The 'policy' network of AlphaGo during the Fan Hui match used 13 layers and 192 filters, the 'value' network 15 layers (whereas layers 2 - 11 are identical to those of the 'policy' network). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With the last layer, the convolutional network classifies the go-position by a precise combination of all specific go-features detected. In exactly the same manner, new and never seen before go-positions can be recognized and classified accurately after the deep learning neural network has been </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">trained thorough</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ly. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Where a human is able to play at most 10,000 serious games in a lifetime, AlphaGo plays hundreds of millions of games in a couple of months: training a new version of AlphaGo from scratch just takes about 4 – 6 weeks. Thereafter, a phenomenally, power-trained AlphaGo is able to compute and judge accurately tens of thousands go-positions per second (for the distributed version of AlphaGo running on multiple, first-class computers). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-6-review-of-game-1-lee-sedol.html" target="_blank"><b>[Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's incredible fighting power]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><br /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-7-review-of-game-2-alphagos-new.html" target="_blank">[Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression]</a></span></b></div>
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<b><br /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-8-review-of-game-3-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to enormous mental pressure]</a></span></b></div>
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<b><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-9-review-of-game-4-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Game 4: Lee Sedol's brilliant move reveals weaknesses AlphaGo]</a></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/05/part-10-review-of-game-5-alphago.html"><b>[Game 5: AlphaGo unfamiliar with common tesuji in ultimate moyo game]</b></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-3-lee-sedol-about-go-board-in-his.html"><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">[Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head]</span></b></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/the-historic-match-between-deep.html" target="_blank">[Part 1: Details of the Match of the 21st century]</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html">[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol Overview]</a></b></span><br />
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-46843703566678902632016-03-31T13:21:00.000-07:002016-12-02T14:16:32.185-08:00Deep Learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol Match Overview (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/blog-page.html"><b>[NL Versie]</b></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-6-review-of-game-1-lee-sedol.html" target="_blank"><b>[Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's fighting power]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-7-review-of-game-2-alphagos-new.html" target="_blank">[Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression]</a></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-8-review-of-game-3-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to mental pressure]</a></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-9-review-of-game-4-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank"><b>[Game 4: Lee Sedol's brilliant move reveals weaknesses AlphaGo]</b></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/05/part-10-review-of-game-5-alphago.html">[Game 5: AlphaGo unfamiliar with common tesuji in moyo game]</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The most spectacular, remarkable and pioneering match in the history of the most ancient of games has taken place all the while: the Google DeepMind challenging match where AI program AlphaGo defeated top Go professional Lee Sedol (9p) who has been at the top of the world league for more than fifteen years. According to his own claims Lee Sedol has a Go-board in his head day and night: "<i>if I come up with new strategies I place stones on the board in my head, even when I watch tv, have been drinking, or playing billiards</i>". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">What worldwide is regarded as the </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">most outstanding grand challenge for artificial intelligence, namely mastering the game of Go by computer programs, may have become a closed down chapter with this match. A chapter of searching for more than half a century, inventing new algorithms, translating go principles into manageable concepts for computers, and the development of ever improving programs with only one single goal: playing without handicap against humans without completely being swept off the Go-board.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Deep Learning AlphaGo, itself still in its infancy, is the very beginning of a great revolution in Artificial Intelligence. Barely half a year ago the program beat for the first time in history a Go-pro in an even game: Fan Hui (2p). Now it is ready for the enormous challenge to outperform and to defeat one of the strongest players of the world. DeepMind's ultimate aim thereby is to disentangle AI completely and make the world a better place (a real advertising message).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With more than 100 million people worldwide who have watched the five games of this historic match online and the hundreds and hundreds journalists, commentators, and reporters who attended the press conferences during the match, you can imagine that uncountable many questions were dying to be asked:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Why is this match so outstanding? How well does AlphaGo play against Lee Sedol? Is the AI program able to play a reasonable game? What is hidden under the hood of AlphaGo? Is the progam able to come up with new and 'creative' moves? Has AlphaGo made some progress since the sometimes malfunctioning version against Fan Hui? How did Lee Sedol prepare himself mentally for this match against AlphaGo? Is he able to detect weaknesses in AlphaGo's way of play and to make use of them? Does Lee Sedol remain himself when playing against an opponent who cannot be seen by him and he doesn't know anything about? Is he able to withstand the psychological pressure of the hundreds of millions that are watching his go-actions closely? Is AlphaGo able to improve even further in the future?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Already being felt as the most wonderful, inspiring, overwhelming and most spectacular match of the 21st century. The games played by Lee Sedol and AlphaGo will be studied and analysed for tens of years to come and as a reference for what will be without doubt one of the biggest landmarks ever achieved in the history of AI.</span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-07OaAA50djA/Vv2LH2yXfpI/AAAAAAAAAE8/za9-HDY7QqEdTiSOIm46HUdGkF8I569Ag/s1600/FirstMoveByLeeSedol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-07OaAA50djA/Vv2LH2yXfpI/AAAAAAAAAE8/za9-HDY7QqEdTiSOIm46HUdGkF8I569Ag/s1600/FirstMoveByLeeSedol.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this overview article, from a bird's eye view and in a bird flight, everything about and around the historic match between AlphaGo and Lee Sedol, highlights of the games played, how both Lee Seol and Demis Hassabis (and their supporting teams) have been blindsided and blown off completely by AlphaGo's phenomenal strong way of playing as well as by the final match outcome, remarkable background details and telling photo's, what this match is really about, how the world has experienced, processed, and tries to recover from this match, the massive impact that this match is expected to have on both Go and Artificial Intelligence worldwide.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/the-historic-match-between-deep.html" target="_blank"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><span style="font-size: large;"><b>[Part 1: Details of the Match of the 21st century]</b></span></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html" style="font-size: x-large;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>[Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass]</b></span></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-3-lee-sedol-about-go-board-in-his.html">[Part 3: Lee Sedol about the Go board in his head]</a></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-4-ai-versus-human-expectations-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>[Part 4: AI versus Human: Expectations and Predictions] </b></span></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-5-googles-biggest-press-conference.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>[Part 5: Google's biggest press conference ever: opening of the match AI vs. Mankind]</b></span></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-6-review-of-game-1-lee-sedol.html" target="_blank"><b>[Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's fighting power]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-7-review-of-game-2-alphagos-new.html" target="_blank">[Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression]</a></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-8-review-of-game-3-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to mental pressure]</a></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-9-review-of-game-4-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank"><b>[Game 4: Lee Sedol's brilliant move reveals weaknesses AlphaGo]</b></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/05/part-10-review-of-game-5-alphago.html">[Game 5: AlphaGo unfamiliar with common tesuji in moyo game]</a></b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/05/part-11-reactions-worldwide-and-price.html">[Part 11: Reactions worldwide and Prize giving]</a></span></b></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-4298709817248949172016-03-30T08:36:00.000-07:002016-12-02T14:15:39.298-08:00 Part 1: Details of the Match of the 21st century (The historic match of deep learning AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/de-historische-match-alphago-vs-lee.html" target="_blank"><b>[NL Versie]</b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lee Sedol defeated by deep learning AlphaGo in historic match</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-6-review-of-game-1-lee-sedol.html" target="_blank"><b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />[Game 1: Lee Sedol underestimates AlphaGo's fighting power]</b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-7-review-of-game-2-alphagos-new.html" target="_blank">[Game 2: AlphaGo's new move and devastating aggression]</a></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-8-review-of-game-3-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank">[Game 3: Lee Sedol's opening mistakes due to mental pressure]</a></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-9-review-of-game-4-lee-sedols.html" target="_blank"><b>[Game 4: Lee Sedol's brilliant move reveals weaknesses AlphaGo]</b></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/05/part-10-review-of-game-5-alphago.html">[Game 5: AlphaGo unfamiliar with common tesuji in moyo game]</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The most spectacular, remarkable and pioneering match in the history of the most ancient of games has taken place all the while: the Google DeepMind challenging match where AI program AlphaGo outbraved top Go professional Lee Sedol (9p) who has been at the top of the world league for more than fifteen years. According to his own claimings Lee Sedol has a Go-board in his head day and night: "if I come up with new strategies I place stones on the board in my head, even when I watch tv, have been drinking, or playing billiards". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">What worldwide is regarded as the most </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">as the most outstanding grand challenge for artificial intelligence, namely mastering the game of Go by computer programs, may have become a closed down chapter with this match. A chapter of searching for more than half a century, inventing new algorithms, translating go principles into manageable concepts for computers, and the development of ever improving programs with only one single goal: playing without handicap against humans without completely being sweeped off the Go-board.</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jVWIrqYaP6s/Vv2Vmg7ocUI/AAAAAAAAAFg/-K9dDuEry5cA4zfXnkJj44v04FEb6BzqQ/s1600/AlphaGoLogo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jVWIrqYaP6s/Vv2Vmg7ocUI/AAAAAAAAAFg/-K9dDuEry5cA4zfXnkJj44v04FEb6BzqQ/s400/AlphaGoLogo.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Deep Learning AlphaGo, itself still in its infancy, is the very beginning of a great revolution in Artificial Intelligence. Barely half a year ago the program beated for the first time in history a Go-pro in an even game: Fan Hui (2p). Now it is ready for the enormous challenge to outperform and to defeat one of the strongest players of the world. DeepMind's ultimate aim thereby is to disentangle AI completely and make the world a better place (a real advertising message).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With more than 100 million people worldwide who have watched the five games of this historic match online and the hundreds and hundreds journalists, commentators, and reporters who attended the press conferences during the match, you can imagine that uncountable many questions were dying to be asked:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Why is this match so outstanding? How well does AlphaGo play against Lee Sedol? Is the AI program able to play a reasonable game? What is hidden under the hood of AlphaGo? Is the progam able to come up with new and 'creative' moves? Has AlphaGo made some progress since the sometimes malfunctioning version against Fan Hui? How did Lee Sedol prepare himself mentally for this match against AlphaGo? Is he able to detect weaknesses in AlphaGo's way of play and to make use of them? Does Lee Sedol remain himself when playing against an opponent who cannot be seen by him and he doesn't know anything about? Is he able to withstand the psychological pressure of the hundreds of millions that are watching his go-actions closely? Is AlphaGo able to improve even further in the future?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Already being felt as the most wonderful, inspiring, overwhelming and most spectacular match of the 21st century. De games played by Lee Sedol and AlphaGo will be studied and analysed for tens of years to come and as a reference for what will be without doubt one of the biggest landmarks ever achieved in the history of AI.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this overview article, from a bird's eye view and in a bird flight, everything about and around the historic match between AlphaGo and Lee Sedol, highlights of the games played, how both Lee Seol and Demis Hassabis (and their supporting teams) have been blindsided and blown off completely by AlphaGo's phenomenal strong way of playing as well as by the final match outcome, remarkable background details and telling photo's, what this match is really about, how the world has experienced, processed, and tries to recover from this match, the massive impact that this match is expected to have on both Go and Artificial Intelligence worldwide.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Match details: why, what and how? </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Regarded as the outstanding grand challenge for artificial intelligence, Go has been considered for more than halve a century as one of the most difficult games for computers to master due to its sheer complexity which makes brute force exhaustive search intractable (apart from the fact that there are more possible board configurations than the number of atoms in the visible universe).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">On January 27th this year, pioneering news went all over the world: AI program AlphaGo from Google DeepMind wins landmark five game match against reigning European Champion Fan Hui (2p). Never before, a computer program defeated a Go-prof with 5-0 in formal games without handicap. The most challenging and complex job until now, both for computers and artificial intelligence worldwide, thus appears to be brought to completion. Despite winning the match against Fan Hui, however, AlphaGo showed several weaknesses and the DeepMind team wanted therefore to investigate if they would be able to improve and upgrade AlphaGo's play to come level with that of the top Go professionals of the world. To this end, the DeepMind team also invited Fan Hui to help them to improve the program.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">On Feb. 4th Demis Hassabis, head and co-founder of Google's DeepMind, announced in a tweet that AlphaGo will play a match coming March 9-15 against the best human Go player of the last decade: Lee Sedol (9p). This will be the biggest and most spectacular, remarkable, pioneering match in the history of the most ancient of games and for sure will long be referred to as the match of the 21st century. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Most important goal of this match to the DeepMind team will be to test if an improved version of AlphaGo can be an equivalent opponent for Lee Sedol and perhaps even will be able to defeat him. Moreover, to find and fix any new weaknesses or immature types of moves of AlphaGo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The overarching and most important long-term goal of the DeepMind team, however, is to develop generic deep learning software that is able to tackle various ultra complex problems from a wide area of research fields including health care, energy, transportation, famine, genetics, physics, and so on, to support human scientists in finding effective solutions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">Up to now, computer programs never have been able to beat the very best at Go so the match will be also a way of testing and judging the suddenly rapid progress of AI – how far these technologies have come (and perhaps how far they can go), what scientists and engineers have achieved so far in the context of AI. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">One of the most intriguing and remarkable decisions of the DeepMind team while training AlpaGo has been to use a giga collection of </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> amateur games</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">≥ 6d to 8-9 dan, this is about 1-2d professional rankings) from the KGS Go Server. While they </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">could have made the choice to use strong pro games instead (including strongest 9p profs of the world). Hassabis has repeatedly stated, confirmed and emphasized that there is –not any-- strong pro game included in the database that AlphaGo used to learn and train from. And specifically: the database doesn't contain any game played by Lee Sedol. Yet, there are at least 85,000 pro games publicly accessible out there, more than half the volume of the 130,000 KGS games that were used to train AlphaGo’s base system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">So let's imagine you have almost unlimited financial resources, one of the most advanced, distributed, and generic cloud computing platform of the world, and really many mega talented employees (and daughter companies) that are beyond any doubt among the best of the best in state-of-the-art AI research world wide. What on earth could be a reason for you to explicitly –not-- use the largest collections of Go-prof games available nowadays? Usage or copy rights? Costs, or perhaps huge efforts to be able to use these games? Extremely unlikely. Perhaps, the 80,000 pro games (as compared to the 130,000 amateur games) are inadequate or too inhomogeneous for AlphaGo to learn from effectively? Very improbable and unlogical as the convolutional (read simply:coding by means of transformation) neural networks that AlphaGo is based on, are easily capable of extracting autonomously millions of characteristic features from game positions and patterns, even in case of using a relatively small number of, say 50,000 games.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Therefore, wouldn't it be more than obvious for the smart and highly motivated team behind AlphaGo, to go </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">--exclusively--</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">for collections of professional Go-games, if their main and ultimate goal is to design, develop, train, test, use, and improve the strongest AI program worldwide to play Go in order to try to beat </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in the end</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the very best top professionals Go players in the world? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">So there probably is a very simple, logical, inherent, natural, and above all fundamental reason for this: the DeepMind team will investigate and analyse </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">whether the way they designed and trained AlphaGo, i.e. exclusively on the </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">on the basis of amateur games, can result to an 'intelligent' system that is able to play moves (from time to time) that are far beyond the amateur level from which it started to learn from in the first place. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In other words: if AlphaGo will be able to beat Lee Sedol on the basis of amateur level games only (players that by no means would be able to win from Lee Sedol, not even with three stones handicap), wouldn't that prove that AlphaGo by design and training would have learned --by itself-- new, top-level pro moves and patterns that were absolutely absent and unknown in the original data from which it learned from? That AlphaGo consistently would have developed a playing strength that is demonstrably much stronger than any of the amateurs from whom these games stem? That really would be an incredible breakthrough in AI worldwide and</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> irrefutable </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">proof that deep learning models can become --<b>better</b>-- than the data you feed them (as opposed to the generally accepted idea that deep learning models --<b>at best</b>-- can be as good as the data you feed them).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The match over five formal games will be played at the Four Seasons Hotel in Seoul, South Korea (games will start at 13h local time: 04h GMT, with rest days on March 11th and 14th). There will be played according to chinese rules (19x19, 7.5 komi) and thinking time will be 2 hours each (plus three periods of 60-second byoyomi). Each game is expected to take around 4-5 hours. The winner of the match receives $ 1M price money. If AlphaGo will be the winner, the prize money will be donated to charities including Unicef. In any case, Lee Sedol will receive at least $150,000 for participating in all the five games, and an additional $20,000 for each win. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hassabis explained about the match: “Go is the most profound game that mankind has ever devised. The elegantly simple rules lead to beautiful complexity. Go is a game primarily about intuition and feel rather than brute calculation which is what it makes it so hard for computers to play the game well. Working out who is winning in Go is very hard. A stone’s value comes only from its location relative to the other stones on the board, which changes with every move. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">At the same time, small tactical decisions can have, as every Go player knows, huge strategic consequences later on. There is plenty of structure—Go players talk of features such as ladders, walls and false eyes—but these emerge organically from the rules, rather than being prescribed by them. We are honored and excited to be playing this challenge match against Lee Sedol, a true legend of the game, and whether who wins or lose, we hope that the match will inspire new interest in Go from around the world.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Park Chimoon, Vice Chairman of the Korean Baduk Association (KBA) said: “The whole world is interested in this event as this is the first stage where humans and computers are competing in intelligence. I am proud that this historical stage is baduk (Go). I hope Lee Sedol will win this time in order to prove humans’ remarkable intelligence and preserve the mysteries of baduk.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The match will be live streamed on DeepMind's YouTube channel as well as broadcasted on TV throughout Asia through Korea's Baduk TV, as well as in China, Japan, and elsewhere. A</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">mong others, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Match commentators will include Michael Redmond, the only professional Western Go player to achieve 9p status with over 500 professional wins under his belt, who will commentate in English, and Yoo Changhyuk (9p), Kim Sungryong (9p), Song Taegon (9p), and Lee Hyunwook (8p) will commentate in Korean alternately.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hassabis stated that "if AlphaGo will win the match against legendary Lee Sedol, I believe that this would mean AlphaGo is better in playing Go than anyone in the world". Lee Sedol said in a first statement he is etremeley joyed and excited to take on the challenge: "I am privileged to be the one to play, but I am confident I can win".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Depending on possible further improvements and development of AlphaGo during the past few months (apart from possible adaptations in AlphaGo specifically focused on Lee Sedol's way of playing) and the enormous processing power that will be used by the DeepMind team during the match, AlphaGo's strength probably will approach that of top players like Lee Sedol. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Therefore, chances are ultra high that this will be an extremely exciting, thrilling, nerve-racking, exhausting and inspiring match. If AlphaGo will win this match against Lee Sedol, this undoubtedly will be orders of magnitude more sensational and spectacular than it was when AlphaGo won against Fan Hui (or at the time Deep Blue defeated Kasparov). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/04/part-2-alphago-under-magnifying-glass.html" target="_blank"><b>[Part 2: AlphaGo under a Magnifying Glass]</b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/2016/03/lee-sedol-defeated-by-deep-learning.html">[Deep Learning AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol Overview]</a></b></span></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-79974614265093863262016-03-15T08:07:00.000-07:002016-03-16T10:49:19.681-07:00AlphaGo wins fifth game after not knowing a known tesuji <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the fifth and exciting last game of the Google DeepMind challenging match, deep learning AlphaGo played an impressive and very balanced moyo-building game. Even though Lee Sedol had substantial (secure) territory already early in the game and although he was able to thwart AlphaGo's huge moyo plans, the program succeeded in getting enough compensation to stay ahead by a small margin of just a few points. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Both Lee Sedol and AlphaGo played a very solid opening and after move 40 (circle, white is AlphaGo) the outcome of the game appears completely open from their opposing forces of moyo and territory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Then AlphaGo miscomputes the effectiveness of a tesuji and looses some points in the bottom right corner. Fortunately, it played those moves in territory already realized by black and it got some sente moves at the outside which would be quite handy if AlphaGo would want to turn it's moyo potential into real territory later in the game.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After Lee Sedol's move (triangle) to keep AlphaGo under pressure in the upper left while at the same time reducing AlphaGo's moyo potential around the center, AlphaGo came up with a great response (move 70, circle) turning around the flow of the game by putting high pressure on black.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol needs to create a living group but in return, AlphaGo adds up strength to gradually help it's moyo building strategy. In a complicated middle game, Lee Sedol is forced to find efficient manners to prevent AlphaGo from realizing it's entire moyo by playing smart reduction moves. He succeeds but it comes at a price after AlphaGo plays a beautiful counter attack move (circle, move 136), putting again ultra-high pressure on Lee Sedol. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the final phase of the game, Lee Sedol wonderfully manages to reduce most of the entire moyo built up by AlphaGo (triangle, after move 183). But, despite Lee Sedol's great moyo reduction skills, it is still deep learning AlphaGo that is ahead due to the sufficient compensation it got along the way. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For the top Go professionals commenting on this fifth game, it is difficult to say where Lee Sedol perhaps made a mistake. But one way or another AlphaGo managed to catch up again after falling behind when misreading a tesuji earlier in the game. Overall, the flow of the game and the way of playing, both of Lee Sedol and AlphaGo, seemed to be very balanced.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the remaining 100 moves in the endgame, Lee Sedol was unable to overcome his arrears of just a few points. Even though he was ahead on the board, he would lose by about 2.5 points when including white's komi (7.5 points). This was the first time in the match a</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> game developed so close in counting. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol resigned after move 280 (circle) while less than a handful of small endgame moves were left. This was another stunning and incredible exciting historic game where the distinctions in playing strength between the world's top Go-professional Lee Sedol and deep learning program AlphaGo during the match were most of the time very hard to discover. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">So the final outcome of the match is: AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol by 4 - 1. A result that only a small minority ( < 10-15%) of the more than <b>100 million</b> people worldwide who watched this match online, would have predicted in advance. AlphaGo has impressed all Go players worldwide with rock-solid, deep reading, sometimes unexpected and really wonderful, effective moves in these games.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During the post-match press conference Lee Sedol said: "I am sorry because the match comes to an end". Answering a question about whether the five games might have changed his understanding of the game of Go, Lee Sedol responded: "Basically, I don't necessarily think that AlphaGo is superior to me. I believe there is still more that a human being can do to fight against the AI program. That's why I felt a little bit regrettable because there is more that a human could have shown during this match."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol concluded: "Enjoyment is the essence of Go. I do wonder whether I've always been enjoying the game but I do want to admit that yes, I did enjoy the games against AlphaGo. Creativity of human beings and also all the traditional and classical beliefs that we have had, well I've come to question them a little bit based on my experience with AlphaGo. So I've more studying to do down the road". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Commentator Chris Garlock remarked: "this match has triggered unprecedented global attention to the game of Go. We could not have asked for a more wonderful or generous gift to this game. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The five historic and beautiful games of this once-in-a-lifetime challenging match will be studied over and over again in the years to come, launching what I'm sure is going to be a new era in the most ancient of games. I'm really looking forward to that". </span></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-88606722933190817732016-03-13T08:26:00.000-07:002016-03-17T04:26:01.939-07:00Latest Predictions AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol (9p)<h3>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/latest-predictions.html">[NL Versie]</a></span> <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Nearly all polls worldwide show the same result: ~75 - 85 % of all voters is convinced that Lee Sedol will win the coming match against AlphaGo. This is also the prediction of the majority of the participants of a price contest among dutch Go players (over ~105 participants, organised in cooperation with chess and go shop 'het Paard ' and an ICT company). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There are, however, many reasons to believe that AlphaGo, since the match about half a year ago, in which European Go Champion Fan Hui (2p) was beaten with 5 – 0, at least will play a few dan grades stronger against Lee Sedol. The estimated actual playing strength of AlphaGo is ≥ 8th dan prof. </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo has learned from it's (small) mistakes during the match against Fan Hui</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">improvements to AlphaGo's playing algorithms (for example for move selection and performance evaluation)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo may be can built now on top of extended joseki and shape libraries </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">finetuning and extension of AlphaGo's neural network training sessions</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">prevention and circumvention of specific problem situations (e.g. complex ko situations about many points)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">selection of specific groups of professional Go games, not only from the KGS Go Server but as well (selectively) from other Go servers worldwide</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">improvement of the balance between on one hand AlphGo's neural networks for move selection and position evaluation and on the other hand precise computation through Monte Carlo Tree Search</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">extension of the number of conventional ( > 1202 CPUs) and graphical coprocessors (> 176 GPUs) that the distributed version of AlphaGo can use simultaneously during it's games against Lee Sedol</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">increase of the thinking time (computation time) per person: this match 2 hour p.p. (was 1 hour during the match against Fan Hui) which will be strongly beneficial for AlphaGo (especially towards the endgame)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">implementation of new ideas and concepts to increase severely the performance of AlphaGo and/or make use of perhaps weaker elements in the way Lee Sedol plays (if these exist at all since Lee Sedol has won over 68% of his games during ~the last years)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">extension of the number of studied Go-positions (>60 million) and/or games played (e.g. against itself, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">≥ 1.3 million) to increase the accuracy of AlphaGo in reproducing Go-profs moves. It has been shown by the DeepMind group that small improvements in this accuracy do lead immediately to big leaps forward in playing strength </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">improvement and extension of position filters which determine whether a (subpart of a) position during a game against Lee Sedol is sufficiently being recognized by AlphaGo</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">improvements in reinforcement learning the value of Go moves by more detailed and accurate backpropagation of the final game result to each move and/or position</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Despite all possible improvements of AlphaGo during the match against Lee Sedol, I expect that: </span></div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol wins at least one game against AlphaGo </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">the winner of the first game will also be the final winner of the match</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol will win the match with 3-2 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AlphaGo also will win at least one game </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol demonstrable (*) will forget to play at least one move that he really had to play immediately, and this will happen at least once EACH game of the match</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in the endgame, Lee Sedol demonstrable (*) plays less well than AlphaGo and, consequently, in EACH game of the match Lee Sedol will loose points in the endgame</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">at least one game Lee Sedol will reach a position of total resignation (*). Whether he indeed resigns or ultimately wins / loses is irrelevant</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol has to put in all effort to realize and keep his eventually built profit until the end of the game</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">within one year after the match with Lee Sedol, AlphaGo will play a similar match against a strong 9p prof (possibly Lee Sedol again) and this time AlphaGo will win this match (of the five formal games, AlphaGo will win then at least 3 games).</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(*) as for example reviewed by a majority of 10 independent top Go profs (9p) from South-Korea, China and Japan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And if you do want to make bets about this: Deep Learning models are as good as the data you feed them. </span></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-26194005619206622812016-03-13T03:55:00.003-07:002016-03-14T05:26:37.040-07:00Lee Sedol played brilliant and won the fourth game against deep learning AlphaGo <div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/lee-sedol-speelt-briljant-en.html">[NL Versie]</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For the first time during this five-game match, Lee Sedol was able to take a clear lead after a brilliant move in the second half of the middle game, fighting hard to prevent AlphaGo from making (potential) territory in the center.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Even though Lee Sedol played under ultra-high pressure for more than an hour, using his last byo-yomi period up to the max each move (maximum of 1 minute per move), he was able to maintain his built up advantage until far in the endgame of this fourth game of the match. Finally, AlphaGo resigned after playing a handful of doubtful moves and several mistakes that even lost additional points. </span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WyRrO26Mwrk/VuVeNejcGpI/AAAAAAAAAC0/5EtBtrHv08UoEyIuYP8iJsaYkmm0FWC-g/s1600/AG-LS-game4-after78.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WyRrO26Mwrk/VuVeNejcGpI/AAAAAAAAAC0/5EtBtrHv08UoEyIuYP8iJsaYkmm0FWC-g/s640/AG-LS-game4-after78.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Top Go-prof Gu Li (9p) described Lee Sedol's move 78 (triangle, Lee Sedol is white) in the fourth game of the match against AlphaGo as a "God's move". </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Another Go pro commented after Lee Sedol winning this fourth game: "Lee Sedol just fought the 1000 years history of Baduk". </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The way AlphaGo chooses it's next moves on maximizing it's probability of winning (instead of maximizing the difference by which it may win) forces AlphaGo apparently to play suboptimal and perhaps even faulty moves when it's probability of winning the game is falling below a specific threshold (e.g. 50 %). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This is the final position of game 4 after Lee Sedol's move 180 (circle), the point in the game at which AlphaGo resigned after it's notion that the probabilities of winning this game were falling below it's critical threshold for resignation. At this point, AlphaGo is behind at least 5 points (komi included) and therefore needs to make more than ~20 points in the bottom center area (without Lee Sedol getting any compensation for that) </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in order to catch up.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When AlphaGo's awareness of being defeated by Lee Sedol was passed to Google DeepMind's team member and operator Aja Huang </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(6d amateur)</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">, he placed two stones on the board to let Lee Sedol and the world know that AlphaGo resigned and for the first time lost a game (</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">in the official match games without handicap) </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">against a top professional Go player.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This time, Lee Sedol was able to exploit a sequence mistake fighting AlphaGo while the program was misjudging an important middle game fight and lost a heavy group of stones. In return, AlphaGo just got a pover and rather modest sente move. Commentator Michael Redmond (9p) showed several sequences that AlphaGo could have played instead, which would probably have resulted in a considerable better outcome </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">of this fight </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">for AlphaGo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lee Sedol's first win against AlphaGo shows --and does prove for the first time-- that deep learning AlphaGo is not playing perfect all the time and really experienced some severe problems in judging correctly the outcome of a rather complex middle-game fight. Even though the fighting in this game seemed not to be as tough as for instance during the second game of the match where ultra-strong AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol at his own game of fighting play.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After the game Lee Sedol answered a question about his mental condition: "after loosing the first three games and thus the match against AlphaGo, I could not say that there was no psychological shock ... but it was not to the extent that I would have to stop playing the ongoing match because at any moment of the game, I really enjoyed the game. I can tell you that I've not retained any severe damage and I'm very happy to say that I won this single game."</span></div>
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3963186461850074185.post-91141912868369106922016-02-14T03:34:00.004-08:002016-04-07T05:36:01.774-07:00Deep Learning AlphaGo beats Go-prof Fan Hui (2p)<a href="http://deeplearningskysthelimit.blogspot.nl/p/alphago.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b>[NL versie]</b></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Almost twenty years ago program Deep Blue from IBM for the first time </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">defeated</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">the then chess world champion Gari Kasparov. In a match of six games with standard tournament thinking time Deep Blue won with 3.5 - 2.5. Kasparov accused IBM of false play and demanded an immediate return match. IBM refused and announced Deep Blue's retirement.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">This week pioneering news went all over the world: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">AI program AlphaGo from DeepMind wins five game match against ruling European Champion Fan Hui (2p). Never before a computer program defeated a Go-prof with 5-0 in formal games without handicap en 1h normal thinking time </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">(3x30s byoyomi, 19x19, 7.5 komi, chinese rules). The most challenging and complex job </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">until now</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">, both for computers and artificial intelligence worldwide, thus appears to be brought to completion. That would be a huge milestone in history of mankind.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The match took place already October 5-9th 2015 a</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">s a matter of fact, behind closed doors in the Google DeepMind office in London. Not until the recent research publication, about the working of the AI program, all details of the match were shared. Playing conditions and thinking time were chosen by Fan Hui himself, preceding the match. An independent arbiter judged the validity of the moves and the proceedings of the game. Also, it was agreed that the overall match outcome would be determined exclusively by the formal game results (informal games included the result would have been 8-2 for AlphaGo).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Who had thought in 1985, when Ronald Schlemper (7d) organised the central youth Go-training in the Netherlands, that a little over 30 years later a program would be able to win a no-handicap game against a 2d prof? Or in 1987, when Robert Rehm and Peter Zandveld made a bet (for 2000 dutch florines) about whether in the year 2000 a Go-program would be able to win a nine-stone handicap game against Robert Rehm (5d)? Robert won easily from HandTalk (creator Chen, Zhixing), one of the strongest Go-programs of the world at the time, and stated that it would have been even much easier if HandTalk would have had 25 stones handicap. Or in 1989, when Mark Boon for the first time became world champion computer Go and a special training Go-program would have been really proud if it could win from a 10th kyu amateur?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The spectacular breakthrough of AlphaGo happens just a few years after Takemiya Masaki (9p) was beaten in a 4-stone handicap game by program Zen (in 2012). And Yoshio Ishida (9p) by program Crazy Stone (in 2013, also with 4 stones handicap). Since AlphaGo's strength is a least that of chinese origin Go-prof Fan Hui --who learned to play Go at age 7, became 1d professional already at age 16, and who breathes and lives Go for more than 25 years-- is the question: 'Do we have to accept the fact that artificial intelligence starts to become proficient in the game of Go?'</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Has the time now really begun that the immense complex game of Go, with more possible positions than atoms in the visible universe, has been comprehended completely, is fully understood and solved now, and will not be able to offer us new challenges? Should we perhaps better find us another hobby and from today on start to be absorbed in the Japanese art of flower arrangement Ikebana?</span>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>AlphaGo in a Nutshell</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">AlphaGo is based on a type of artificial intelligence named Deep Learning. In brief, this is a technique for efficiently learning associations and patterns from a giga amount of data. To this end, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">different complex layers of self-learning algorithms (neural networks) are used. After extended training, a neural network </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">can learn</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">for example,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">to recognize faces in images or translate spoken sentences </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">correctly</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> Once fit, the trained system also can try to find similar and unknown associations and patterns in new data.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The special and ground-breaking that sets apart AlphaGo in the area of AI, is the unique manner, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">after very extensive and in-depth training, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">in which the program has learned to recognize and interpret Go-positions and patterns. For this purpose AlphaGo judged, among other things, 30 million positions from games from the KGS Go Server (with a 13-layer neural network). Each layer of the network has thereby its own task, for instance to keep track of the number of liberties. By feeding </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">the end result of the game </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">back to every position, AlphaGo has learned to select likely winning moves in a smart and efficient manner </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">(see </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Fig. 1</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">This learning process is very simple </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">basically</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">and rather similar to the way we learn Go ourselves: as you play more and more you give increasingly added value and preference to moves that produced success and benefit in earlier games. After training, AlphaGo managed to reproduce successfully 57% of the moves from the Go-profs. During this process it became also clear that with </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">small improvements in this accuracy immediately </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">great leaps forwards </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">can be achieved </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">in playing strength </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">With the basic learning process of AlphaGo, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">however,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> there is little news yet under the horizon: if you continue to train for too long </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">in this manner</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">, you will focus too much on preferred moves that occur frequently in the games studied. The disadvantage of this is that you may ignore other, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">perhaps better and more likely winning moves. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">To prevent this, a more mature version of AlphaGo trained against one of it's randomly selected younger, less wise predecessors. After playing repeatedly 64000 games in this manner, the most mature AlphaGo was submitted by addition to it's own group of opponents. From that point, the entire process started all over again. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In this manner, in total ~</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">1.3 million Go-games were played a</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">fter 20 iterations. Effectively, the program thus grew</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> from strength to strength by playing many many games against itself. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Fig. 1 </b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">By smart restriction and selection </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">(</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">after extensive training) </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">of good follow-up moves </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">from all legal moves in a position</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">, AlphaGo </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">needs to calculate only a few moves thoroughly (red)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">. From this small group of preferred moves AlphaGo then selects the 'best' move that statistically, both on the short and long run, provides the highest probability of winning the game (green).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">After this long-term play-session the honorary version of AlphaGo won more than 80% of the games against it's predecessor versions. And also over 85% against the strongest open source Go-program Pachi which currently plays as 2d amateur on KGS and computes ~100000 follow-up simulations per move. After this training camp AlphaGo was able to select positional moves </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">with a high probability of winning in an </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">objective, fast, efficient, and accurate way (<i>policy version</i>)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Extended Muscle Training</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Both preceding steps focused in particular on smart selection of moves that provide a high probability of winning. But what if you would like to know your chances of winning the game in a specific Go-position? Then you actually would have to play out all promising follow-up moves and consider what fraction of those moves would result in a win. Since this over and over again consumes a mega amount of computing time, AlphaGo was trained further to be able to do this accurately but above all in a very fast and efficient way. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">During this last muscle training it again turned out to be important to try to generalize to new positions instead of leaning to much on Go-positions seen and studied </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">previously. For this reason, the mature version of AlphaGo once again played against itself to generate 30 million positions whereas for each individual position the probability of winning the game was calculated. This version of AlphaGo therefore is predominantly oriented on fast evaluation of the position (<i>evaluation version</i>).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Each of the above AlphaGo versions can play a significant Go-game on top-amateur level. At the same time, however, you can imagine that the <i>policy version</i> will put too much emphasis on the best move in a specific position while the <i>evaluation version</i> will be preoccupied with whether a move ultimately leads to winning the game. And this results to substantially different moves between those versions of AlphaGo (compare in the short vs. long run).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">One of the most deliberate aspects of AlphaGo is it's ability </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">for the first time</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">to combine </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">neural networks, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">both to generate follow-up moves and to evaluate positions, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">efficiently and concurrently </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">with precise move sequence computation by means of Monte Carlo Tree Search. Until now, self-contained MCTS has been one of the most applied techniques to the programming of Go. However, MCTS often turned out to be too computation intensive</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> and inaccurate to be able to win an even game against a Go-professional. Partly because of these important disadvantages of MCTS, experts thought it would take at least another decade before a computer program would be able to defeat a Go-prof in a no-handicap, 19x19 game.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>First game Fan Hui (B) against AlphaGo</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">During replay of the first game of the match (see </span><b style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Fig. 2, </b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Fan Hui is black) a strange feeling comes over you: AlphaGo's moves are crystal clear, with a solid and sound basis, and appear to come from an opponent who is ready to fight hard for every millimeter and has an infinitely strong wanting to win. Who sly takes into account initiative, importance, and size of the moves. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In this game, the first remarkable move of AlphaGo provides both air and influence potential to it's white, somewhat heavy and hanging group while at the same time it prevents black from an eventual attack to score some points in sente (<i>triangle</i>). </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">With the last move in the diagram (<i>circle</i>), AlphaGo cuts two stones thereby strongly putting the screws on black while taking the initiative. After crude counting white has a reasonable chance to win the game (komi is 7.5). In the end, AlphaGo will win the game with a narrow margin of 2.5 points and leave Fan Hui undoubtedly astonished and aghast. Very poor consolation that Fan Hui still was able to win two of his five fast, informal games (with 3x30s byoyomi thinking time) against AlphaGo.</span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iAnmsjdGxTQ/VsBvMG5IQTI/AAAAAAAAACU/WGW5BaccXP8/s1600/CORRECTEDFanHui%2528B%2529VsAlphaGo%2528W%2529Game1AfterMove62.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iAnmsjdGxTQ/VsBvMG5IQTI/AAAAAAAAACU/WGW5BaccXP8/s640/CORRECTEDFanHui%2528B%2529VsAlphaGo%2528W%2529Game1AfterMove62.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b>Fig. 2</b> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Bord-position after move 62 (<i>circle</i>) in the first game between Fan Hui (B) and AlphaGo. The stone marked with a <i>triangle</i> is an example of AlphaGo's smart move selection algorithms (move 58). </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Most striking characteristics AlphaGo takes into account during judgement of a position are: whether or not a move is a successful ladder breaker, how many liberties arise after playing a move, how many stones of the opponent (or of oneself) can be taken, and whether or not a move will fill it's own eyes. So, absolutely nothing about where on the board you can make territory efficiently, how you build a moyo (or destroy), when you are threatened to become surrounded (or comminuted), or how you clever kill many birds with one Go-stone.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Noteworthy enough, little to none real strategy is involved with the actions of AlphaGo. Without the giga amount of professional games and the games it played against itself, the program simply wouldn't have the slightest idea where to play (or first would have to calculate countless, very long move sequences to determine which moves would be taken into consideration).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Playing Strength of AlphaGo</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Despite the considerably greater complexity of Go as compared to that of chess, AlphaGo judged thousand times less positions during the match against Fan Hui than for instance Deep Blue did during the match against Kasparov. The reason for this is that </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">after the huge and powerful muscle training, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">AlphaGo restricts itself, in an ultra smart and efficient way, to just a tiny handful selection of 'best' moves. Only these moves have to be thoroughly calculated and further evaluated. So, all in all very similar to the way we try to find the 'best' move in a Go-game </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">ourselves</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">At an international computer-Go tournament (with 5 sec computing time per move) AlphaGo played also against the currently strongest commercial Go-programs Crazy Stone and Zen as well as strongest open source programs Pachi en Fuego. These programs all are based on the most efficient MCTS systems. AlphaGo did win 494 out of 495 played games. To make the games much more challenging, the other programs played in the sequel with 4 stones handicap against AlphaGo. In these games AlphaGo won also more than 77% (even 100% in case of the version of AlphaGo that was runing on multiple computers). AlphaGo turned out to be multiple dan grades stronger than all previous Go-programs.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The deep neural networks of AlphaGo for move selection and position evaluation use orders of magnitude more computation power i</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">n comparison with the traditional, exclusively MCTS based Go-programs. To be able to combine these neural networks efficiently with MCTS, AlphaGo therefore used asynchronous (multi-threaded) search missions which perform simulations on conventional CPUs and simultaneously calculate move selection and position evaluation networks on graphical processors (GPU). In this manner, the single-machine version of AlphaGo, with 48 CPUs and 8 GPUs of computation power, reaches a strength of ~2d prof.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;">To provide AlphaGo with even more horse-power, the people behind DeepMind developed also a version which runs on multiple computers at the same time. This distributed power-house is also the actual version of AlphaGo that was able to defeat Fan Hui with 5-0. And for that purpose AlphaGo used 1202 CPUs and 176 GPUs with according to DeepMind a strength of ~5d prof. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Near Future</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Demis Hassabis, head and co-founder of Google's DeepMind, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">i</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">n a tweet </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">announced </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Feb. 4th </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">that AlphaGo will play a match coming March 9-15 against the strongest Go-prof of the world: Lee Sedol (9p). The 5 formal game match will be live streamed on You Tube and played in Seoul, South Korea. Lee Sedol said in a first statement he is excited to take on the challenge saying: "I am privileged to be the one to play, but I am confident I can win". </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The winner of the match receives $1M price money. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Hassabis announced at the same time that "if AlphaGo will win the match against legendary Lee Sedol, I believe that this would mean AlphaGo is better in playing Go than anyone in the world". </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Depending on further improvements and development of AlphaGo over the past few months and the number of CPUs and graphical processors that will be used by the DeepMind team during the coming match, AlphaGo's strength will be reasonably close to that of Lee Sedol. Therefore, there is a great opportunity that this will be a huge thrilling match (apart from possible adaptations in AlphaGo specifically concentrated on Lee Sedol's playing style). If AlphaGo will win the match against Lee Sedol, this undoubtedly is a much greater sensation and spectacle than it was at the time Deep Blue defeated Kasparov. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Apart from his superior Go-strength, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Lee Sedol has </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">another important advantage c</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">ompared to Fan Hui</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">: at least Lee Sedol knows already what he can expect from AlphaGo. For these reasons, it is very likely Lee Sedol will win at least one of his 5 formal games against AlphaGo. But it wouldn't be surprising at all if Lee Sedol wins the match against AlphaGo with 3-2 (or 4-1). And if someone wants to bet </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">on that account </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">... Deep Learning models are as good as the data you feed them.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>After All</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">When the time will come that Go-programs like AlphaGo will generate </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">exclusively</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">brilliant moves and perform super humanly so that Lee Sedol even with nine stones handicap is unable to win from them?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Without intending to do any undervaluation of the incredibly valuable </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">development and ultra smart and capable achievements of AlphaGo: in the basis the program can do little more than guiding itself on a giga memory full of Go-profs games played previously.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Surely, AlphaGo can comput</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">e moves m</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">ore accurately and faster</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">than ourselves. But whether AlphaGo before long will be able to invent and generate --itself-- new, creative, and beautifully abstract moves that, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">in one big blow, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">will allow </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">the 'Go-flow' of the river to meander faster across the</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">landscape? </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">copyright: Bob van den Hoek, Febr. 8th 2016</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">questions and info also to: <b>bobvdhoek@simupro.nl</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Links</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/google-ai-algorithm-masters-ancient-game-of-go-1.19234">http://www.nature.com/news/google-ai-algorithm-masters-ancient-game-of-go-1.19234</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v529/n7587/full/nature16961.html#tables">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v529/n7587/full/nature16961.html#tables</a> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/digital-intuition-1.19230">http://www.nature.com/news/digital-intuition-1.19230</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/go-players-react-to-computer-defeat-1.19255">http://www.nature.com/news/go-players-react-to-computer-defeat-1.19255</a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Go">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Go</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://googleresearch.blogspot.nl/2016/01/alphago-mastering-ancient-game-of-go.html">http://googleresearch.blogspot.nl/2016/01/alphago-mastering-ancient-game-of-go.html</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://googleblog.blogspot.nl/2016/01/alphago-machine-learning-game-go.html">https://googleblog.blogspot.nl/2016/01/alphago-machine-learning-game-go.html</a></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/35501537">http://www.bbc.com/news/35501537</a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Silver, D. en 19 auteurs, Nature, Vol 529, 28 Jan. 2016 </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> 'GO' Magazine (NL), jaargang 38, nr 1 </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Neural Computing “An Introduction” R Beale & T Jackson 1990, Institute of Physics Publishing UK</span><br />
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Bob van den Hoekhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913830394696106545noreply@blogger.com0